Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Introduction
This is a theory in psychology that was proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943
...
He believed a good environment should
be encouraged as it allows a person to express his wishes and demands, helps them to make choices
and offers the necessary materials and opportunities to satisfy their needs
...
Failure to satisfy one level of needs puts one into
a deficit (lacking) state and becomes continually concerned about that level of needs
...
If we achieve a sense of security, we then seek to love, to be loved, and to love ourselves
...
Ultimately, we seek self-actualization
which is the process of fulfilling our potential
...
Basic or deficiency needs: These include physiological needs and safety needs
...

2
...
They are also called the higher level needs
...
1: Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Physiological needs
This is the first category of needs
...
The needs are
similar to the needs that cause other animals to operate
...
For example, a person who is hungry and has no food focuses all
his attention and energy in searching for food and becomes less concerned about other levels of
needs
...

Safety needs
These needs include the need for security, protection, law and order, freedom from fear, anxiety
and chaos, and avoidance of pain; these needs arise after the physiological needs have been
satisfied
...
For example, the need to be held when
they face- strange people and situations, or being startled by loud noise in the environment
...

Belonging and love needs
These needs emerge after the safety needs have been met
...
It also involves the need to avoid loneliness and alienation
...

Aesthetic and cognitive needs
These include awareness of the beauty in one’s achievement and capabilities
...

Self-actualization
It is the needs to live up to ones fullest and unique potential
...
Self-actualized people are believed to display the following characteristics:
1
...

2
...

3
...
They enjoy themselves without regret, shame or apology,
5
...

6
...
They live and dress according to their age
...
They are more concerned with undertaking tasks that benefit others rather than themselves
alone
...
They are creative and innovative
...
They have a high sense of humour and sociability,

Limitations of Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Maslow's theory of motivation (Hierarchy of Needs Theory) is very popular all over the world and
provides guidelines to managers / managements for motivating employees
...

Limitations of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory are noted below:1
...
There is lack of
direct cause and effect relationship between need and behavior
...
The theory has to refer to other motivating factors like expectations, experience and
perception
...
Needs of all employees are not uniform
...

4
...

5
...

6
...
It is
largely tentative and untested
...


Importance of Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Although Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory has been criticised on above grounds, still it holds
many advantages or merits
...

It also helps the managers to provide the right financial and non-financial motivation to their
employees
...

References
Allport, G
...
(1927)
...
Psychological Bulletin, 24, 284293
...
H
...
W
...
Personality traits: Their classification and
measurement
...

Boeree, C
...
(2006)
...
Personality theories
...
ship
...
html
Bandura, A
...
Principles of Behavior Modification
...

Bandura, A
...
(1963)
...
New
York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston
...
F
...
M
...
Rethinking and reclaiming the interdisciplinary
role of personality psychology: The science of human nature should be the center of the
social sciences and humanities
...

Cattell, R
...
(1965)
...
Baltimore: Penguin books
Cattell, R
...
(1965)
...
Baltimore:
books

Penguin

Carver, C
...
(1996)
...
Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 319-334
...
(1996)
...
Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 389-399
...
S
...
Capturing the dynamic nature of personality
...

Epstein, S
...
Recommendations for the future development of personality
psychology
...

McAdams, D
...
(1995)
...

McCrae, R
...
, & Costa, P
...
, Jr
...
Trait explanations in personality
psychology
...
C
...
Does the field of personality have a future? Journal of Research
in Personality, 30, 429-434
...
& Njuguna J
...
Personality development
...
A
...
Personality: Current controversies, issues, and directions
...

Revelle, W
...
Personality processes
...

Papalia D
...
& Olds, S
...
(1998) Human development
...
Boston:
McGraw Hill
...
W
...
F
...
The rank-order consistency of personality
traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal
studies
...

Sarason, I
...
, Sarason, B
...
, & Pierce, G
...
(1996)
...
Journal of
Research in Personality, 30, 447-453

---