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Hans Eysenck's Two-Dimensional Model Theory and William Sheldon's Theory on
Somatotypes
Introduction
Hans J
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He maintained that one's personality can he understood
in terms of only two basic dimensions, these are the Introversion-extroversion and stabilityInstability (neurotism) dimensions
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Introversion-extraversion
This refers to the degree to which people are inwardly or outwardly oriented
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For example, Eysenck believed that extreme introverts are chronically
over aroused, their brains are too active and they try to minimize stimulation and reduce arousal
to get down to the optimal arousal level
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That is,
extroverts seek social contact and physical arousal, like parties and taking chances
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Stability-instability
This dimension represents the suddenness with which arousal occurs or shifts
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He refers to this model as neuroticism
because he found that people with extreme unstable nervous systems are more likely to experience
emotional problems that require clinical attention
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Using varying combinations of
each of the dimensions, they were able to define other more specific traits, namely stable
extroverted, stable introverted, unstable extroverted and unstable introverted
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Combinations of Eysenk'sdimensional models
From this approach, it was noted that unstable extroverts tend to be touchy, restless, aggressive

and excitable
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The unstable introverts
are moody, anxious, rigid, sober and pessimistic
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The stable extroverts are sociable, outgoing, talkative, responsive and easy-going
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The stable introverted are passive, careful, peaceful, controlled, reliable and
calm
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William Sheldon's theory on somatotypes
Sheldon was an American psychologist who carried out investigations on a person's physique
(body build) and how body build correspond to personality
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He studied an individual profile of scores, which he called somatotype, which he obtained by rating
people with seven point scales, from low (1) to high (7)
Endomorphs
He described endomorphs as fat with soft round bodies
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They are outgoing and sociable, and are easy to cool from emotions
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They are rated as anxious, hot tempered, reserved,
detached (solitary) uncooperative, unsocial and quiet
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Mesomorphs
They are described as muscular, strong and broad people
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They are said to be well-adjusted
as adults
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Adults should avoid stereotyping children
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All the children have different character traits in which some are acquired from the
environment
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Aggressiveness is at times a learned behaviour hence adults should discourage the
behaviour
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We should understand the character traits of all the children in order to be able to know
how to approach and deal with each individual child
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W
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Concepts of trait and personality
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Allport, F
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, & Allport, G
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(1921)
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Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 16, 6-40
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G
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Gordon Allport
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Online at:
http://webspace
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edu/cgboer/allport
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(1969)
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New York: Holt, Rinehart &
Winston
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& Walters, R
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Social Learning and Personality Development
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Baumeister, R
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, & Tice, D
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(1996)
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Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 363-373
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B
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The scientific analysis of personality
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B
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The scientific analysis of personality
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S
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Emergent integration in contemporary personality
psychology
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Diener, E
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Traits can be powerful, but are not enough: Lessons from subjective
well-being
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Dweck, C
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(1996)
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Journal of Research in
Personality, 30, 348-362
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(1996)
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Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 435-446
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P
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What do we know when we know a person? Journal of
Personality, 63, 365-396
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R
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T
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(1995)
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European Journal of Personality, 9, 231-252
McClelland, D
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(1996)
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Mweru, M
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(2009)
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Nairobi: Longhorn
publishers

Pervin, L
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(1985)
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Annual
Review of Psychology, 36, 83-114
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(1995)
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Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 295-328
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E
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W
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Seventh Edition
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Roberts, B
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, & DelVecchio, W
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(2000)
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Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3-25
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G
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R
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R
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Views of the future
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