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Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a Viennese trained in neurology
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Hysterical patients were hypnotized
and encouraged to talk about earlier events
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Freud's theory tries to explain personality on the basis of what happens in the subconscious mind
and illustrates that people possess psychological energy called libido, which drives their behaviour
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Therefore,
human beings are influenced by unknown, unconscious and controllable forces or processes
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Psychic energy mid mental events
These can be divided into psychic determinism and unconscious motivation
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Psychic determinism: According to Freud, instinctive drives generate psychic energy, which
powers the mind and constantly presses for either direct or indirect releases
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Examples include gestures, dreams and yawning
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Unconscious motivation: Freud explained that, our mental events may be conscious,
preconscious or unconscious
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We can recall them if need be
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For example, a
friend's telephone number, last birthday and dressing,
c) The Unconscious area which contains thoughts, feelings and desires we are not aware of
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It is the
deep inaccessible repository of urges that seek expression, directly or indirectly
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Instinct
An instinct is a collection of wishes whereas a wish results from an excitation of body tissues
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When one experiences a
wish (tension resulting from excitation of body tissues) one experiences the need to satisfy the
wish in order to reduce tension
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The reduction of this tension
is experienced as pleasure
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He
came up with two kinds of instincts, namely life instincts and death instincts
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These lay the basis for all constructive or
positive aspects of human behaviour, which include hunger, thirst, art, music, sex, love,
cooperation and empathy
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It is the motive for violence and aggression against others and ourselves
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It explains warfare, hatred, drug and alcohol abuse, murder and suicide
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Structures of personality
Later in his career, Freud revised his view of the mind
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He came up with three
structures, namely the id, ego and superego
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It is the main core of personality and the only primitive structure (the only structure present at
birth)
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It seeks
immediate gratification of needs or instincts
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It is without a sense of
time, completely illogical and will not sake "no' for an answer
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Infants are regarded as operating on the id level
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The ego
In modern-day society, the term ego has many meanings
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However, according to Freud, the ego is the part of the
mind which contains the consciousness; it has direct contact with reality and functions primarily
at a conscious level
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This brings long-term pleasure, rather than pain or destruction, by
differing gratification until a suitable object or method is identified
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The ego contains our partly conscious
perceptions, thoughts, judgments and memories
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The ego is the mediator between the
id and the superego, allowing them to express their desires, drives and morals in a realistic and
socially appropriate way
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The partly conscious and partly unconscious
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It
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The superego
works contrary to the id
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The superego strives for perfection, judging actions and producing positive feelings of
pride or negative feelings of guilt
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The superego operates on the morality principle
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The punished behaviour is
incorporated in the part of the superego called conscience which serves to punish the person
making him or her feel guilt}' or unworthy
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Freud psychosexual stages of personality development
Freud proposed that children pass through a series of psychosexual stages during which the id's
pleasure-seeking tendencies are focused on a specific pleasure
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According to him, deprivation or overindulgence can arise during any
of these stages, resulting in fixation
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The oral stage - 0 to 18 months
During this stage, the infant's sensual pleasure focuses on sucking, biting, chewing, swallowing
and crying
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Excessive gratification or frustration of oral needs
can result, later in life, in fixation on oral activities, such as being a glutton, tongue-sucking,
chewing sweets, excessive oral hygiene, smoking, drinking profusely and nail biting
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During toilet training, the child is first faced with an attempt to control a biological
urge
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Laxity in toilet training results
in messy, negative and dominant adult personality traits such as indecency, rudeness or being
gullible and bed-wetting
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Boys seek genital stimulation and develop both
unconscious sexual desires for their mother', and jealousy and hatred for their father whom they
consider a rival
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This situation involving the boy's love for the mother and
hostility towards the father is known as the Oedipus complex
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She therefore becomes attached to the father
figure
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This process is called identification
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Identification helps children to possess the opposite sex parent
indirectly or vicariously and also helps form the superego as children internalize the parent's values
and moral beliefs
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The latency stage — 6 to 12 years
During this stage, children's sexuality is dominant, the associate mainly with peers of the same
sex
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The genital stage - 12 to 18 years)
This is a stage during adolescence when sexual Feelings are very strong and are directed towards

people of the opposite sex
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Sexual
attraction towards a person of the opposite sex usually leads to romance which in laser stages of
life leads to courtship, marriage and raising of children
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Parents should show love to all their children without favoritism in order to help them
resolve their internal conflicts
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Children should be encouraged to express their feelings, emotions and concerns without
restriction, so that they can channel then feelings and anxieties appropriately
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Children should be trained to balance their id and
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4
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5
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6
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7
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This will help them to understand each child and
also be able to address any behavioral problems
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W
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Concepts of trait and personality
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Allport, F
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, & Allport, G
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(1921)
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Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 16, 6-40
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G
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Gordon Allport
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Online at:
http://webspace
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edu/cgboer/allport
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(1969)
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New York: Holt, Rinehart &
Winston
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& Walters, R
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Social Learning and Personality Development
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Baumeister, R
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, & Tice, D
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(1996)
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Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 363-373
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B
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The scientific analysis of personality
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B
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The scientific analysis of personality
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S
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Emergent integration in contemporary personality
psychology
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Diener, E
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Traits can be powerful, but are not enough: Lessons from subjective
well-being
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Dweck, C
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(1996)
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Journal of Research in
Personality, 30, 348-362
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(1996)
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Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 435-446
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P
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What do we know when we know a person? Journal of
Personality, 63, 365-396
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R
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T
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(1995)
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European Journal of Personality, 9, 231-252
McClelland, D
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(1996)
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Mweru, M
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(2009)
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Nairobi: Longhorn
publishers
Pervin, L
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(1985)
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Annual
Review of Psychology, 36, 83-114
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(1995)
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Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 295-328
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E
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W
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Seventh Edition
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Roberts, B
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, & DelVecchio, W
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(2000)
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Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3-25
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G
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R
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R
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Views of the future
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