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Title: Protein Synthesis
Description: These notes discuss how DNA is transformed into RNA, and into a protein. Different kinds of mutations are also explained. These notes were taken for an introductory college biology course.
Description: These notes discuss how DNA is transformed into RNA, and into a protein. Different kinds of mutations are also explained. These notes were taken for an introductory college biology course.
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Protein Synthesis
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Nucleic acid monomers are nucleotides, and polymers are DNA and RNA
Protein monomers are amino acids, and polymers are polypeptides
A gene is a section of DNA that is ultimately going to code for a protein
Gene expression
o All somatic cells have the same exact DNA in their nuclei
o They are different because there are different patterns of gene expression in
different cells
o Only 2% of DNA in humans are genes used for proteins
Central dogma
o DNA --> RNA --> Protein
o Transcription is DNA to RNA
▪ Takes place in the nucleus
▪ Enzyme unzips DNA and then complementary RNA nucleotides are matched
up with the original DNA
▪ Editing
• mRNA is usually altered (splicing)
• mRNA transcript leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm
o Translation is RNA to Protein
▪ Takes place in the cytoplasm
▪ mRNA is divided up into codons, or three RNA bases, that code for a specific
amino acid based on the sequence of the bases
▪ The Genetic Code links mRNA to protein
• mRNA codons specify 20 amino acids, start codons, and stop codons
• Highly conserved among species
• Repetitive --> different codons can code for the same amino acid
▪ A peptide bond forms between the first two amino acids and in the end you
have an entire sequence of amino acids
▪ Protein folding
• Must achieve final functional shape
• Errors in the folding can lead to illness or death
A ribosome is a large molecule that exists in the cytoplasm, outside the nucleus, that
holds onto the mRNA transcript and acts as a platform for tRNA to bind to mRNA and
allow for elongation of amino acid chain
DNA vs
Title: Protein Synthesis
Description: These notes discuss how DNA is transformed into RNA, and into a protein. Different kinds of mutations are also explained. These notes were taken for an introductory college biology course.
Description: These notes discuss how DNA is transformed into RNA, and into a protein. Different kinds of mutations are also explained. These notes were taken for an introductory college biology course.