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Marxism
>Main Concepts
Ideological + Repressive State Apparatus
Correspondence Principle + Hidden Curriculum
Myth of Meritocracy
Reproduction & Legitimisation
Marx
Marx suggested that education exists to fulfil three functions under
capitalism: Reproduction of class inequality, legitimisation of class
inequality, and to work in the best interests of the Bourgeoisie –
specifically employers
...

>Reproduction of Class Inequality
Middle and Upper class student’s privilege leads to them gaining
more opportunities within education that allow them to progress
at a higher level throughout education than disprivileged children
...

AO2: Private and Grammar schools > the charges leads to a higher
level of upper-class children entering these schools, which are
generally of a higher quality and better funded than ‘standard’
schools
AO3: Policies have been put in place to aid materially & culturally
deprived children > Social Democrats: New Labour policies such as
Free School Meals
>Legitimisation of Class Inequality
Education is an agent of secondary socialisation
...
This means that children will learn the norms &
values aligned with their ascribed status: working-class children will
attain working-class values, which will lead to false class
consciousness
...

AO2: ‘Society in Miniature’ > Education is based upon a hierarchal
system which is representative of society – this teaches children
inequality is the norm before they enter wider society
AO3: Ignores policies put in place to reduce this > Social
Democrats: New Labour policies such as Sure Start

Eleanor HC

Sociology AQA

>Main Theorists
Marx
Althusser
Bowles+Gintis
Willis > Neo-Marxism

Symbiotic Link:
False-Class Consciousness >
the proletariat are
‘brainwashed’ by the
bourgeoisie into believing
capitalism is the only way, and
that it is a fair system
...

Material Deprivation > The
lack of access to resources due
to financial issues, e
...
lacking
access to nutritious food
Cultural Deprivation >
Working-class people being
unable to access the same
cultural capital as
middle+upper-class people,
e
...
differing norms & values,
cultural referencing, etc
...
more
commonly prioritised and
accessed by middle-class
people, e
...
high-culture: plays
etc
...
> Bourdieu

Bullet-point Summary:

Marxism

>How do the above benefit the bourgeoisie? (AO2)
They allow the upper-classes to retain their position within society
without having their status endangered by uprising started by the
under-classes
...

Althusser
There are two types of agents of socialisation under capitalism: The
Ideological State Apparatus and the Repressive State Apparatus
...

>Ideological State Apparatus (ISA)
False-class consciousness is extenuated via secondary socialisation
throughout education
...
This ensures everyone within society has
socialisation suited to their social status or class
...

This means that they will step outside of the norms and values of
wider society
...
The RSA steps in to prevent this, and act as a
deterrent from further acts of this behaviour
...

AO2: The police force, The CJS (Criminal Justice System)
AO3: Some laws put in place by examples of the RSA serve to
protect wider society overall – see charges for rape and murder
...
Furthermore, they suggest that
achievement within education is based upon social background &
status; not talent, ability, or effort
...

>Correspondence Principle
Interactions and behaviour within schools under capitalist systems
directly mirror relationships and interactions within the workplace,
with students in the role of the proletariat, and staff typically in the
role of the bourgeoisie
...
This is referred to as the ‘Long Shadow of
Work’
...

AO3: Many of these skills could be argued by other theorists to
ensure the healthy management of society > Functionalism would
argue this is fundamental to the value consensus, for example
...
The
bourgeoisie benefit from this because it leads to the proletariat
blaming themselves for their shortcomings throughout life, thus
leading to the maintenance of false-class consciousness
...


Symbiotic Link:
Neo-marxism > temporally &
methodologically,
Bowles+Gintis appear neomarxist > they use empiric
research
‘The Bridge’ > Society in
Miniature; transporting
children from one set of values
to another > Parsons

Symbiotic link:
Ascribed Status > Social class
is a status assigned by society,
Marxists would argue, and so
cannot be changed
...
He longitudinally observed a group of white-working
class boys in ‘Learning to Labour’, 1970
...
In the case of Willis’ ‘lads’,
the boys refused to take on the socialisation offered by the hiddencurriculum
...
They accepted they would wind up
working in factories, and so did not try to achieve any higher
...
Could be argued
that the lads had not truly opted out, as they still wound up in
working-class jobs
...
These values
include Fatalism, Immediate
Gratification, Collectivism,
and Present-Time Orientation
> Sugarman

Marxism



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