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jlk;u 'kkL=
d{kk 12oha
le; 3 ?kaVs
bdkbZ
12345678910111213141516-

bdkbZ dk uke
Bksl izkoLFkk
foy;u
fo|qr jlk;u
jklk;fud cyxfrdh
lrg jlk;u
dqN /kkrqvksa dk fu"d"kZ
...
kq
I nSfud thou esa jlk;u
II Hkkjr ds çkphu oSKkfud ,oa oSKkfud laLFkku
iqujko`fÙk
;ks x

vf/kdre va d 75$25 iz k ;ks lS ) ka f rd 75
fu/kkZfjr vad dky[kaM
04
08
06
12
06
12
05
10
04
10
05
15
05
05
06
04
04
04
04
03
05
05

10
10
12
10
08
12
12
09
15
15

75

20
200

bdkbZokj dfBu fo"k;ka'kksa dk fu/kkZj
...
kukA ,dd lSy esa ijek
...
k] fofHkUu izdkj dh
Bkslksa esa iSfdax ¼ladqyu½] fjfDr;kWa (Voids), Bkslksa ds fo|qrh;] pqEcdh; xq
...

Density of unit cells determination
...
Voids
in solids
...

Unit-2 foy;u % Solutions

foy;uksa dh lkanzrk O;Dr djukA Bkslksa ds nzoksa esa foy;uA Bksl feykus ij ok"i
nkc esa vkisf{kd voueuA DoFkukad esa mUu;u vkSj nzo
...
kq
nzO;ekuksa dh x
...
kq nzO;ekuA
Expression of concentrations of solutions
...

Relative lowering of vapour presser, Elevation of Boiling Point
...
Determination of molecular masses
...

Unit-3 fo|qr jlk;u % Electro Chemistry

foy;uksa esa pkydrk] fof’k"B ,oa vkf
...
k rFkk blds mi;ksx ¼vuqiz;ksx½] baZ/ku lSyA
Conductivity in solutions, specific and molecular conductivity, EMF of a
cell, Standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its applications to chemical
cell, Fuel cells
...
odrk ,oa dksfV] fof’k"V nj fLFkjkadA 'kwU; ,oa izFke dksfV
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds fy;s v/kZ vk;qA nj fLFkjkad dh rki ij fuHkZjrk]
vkjghfu;l lehdj
...
k ÅtkZ ,oa nsgsyh ÅtkZA
Instantanious and Average rate of a chemical reation and Factors affecting
rate of a chemical reaction, Order and molecularity of a reaction, specific rate
constant, Half life for zero and first order reaction, Temperature dependence of

1

rate constant, Arrhenius equation, Activation Energy & Threshold Energy
...
k dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd] ilan ij vk/kkfjr
fØ;k’khyrk ¼lfØ;rk ,oa oj
...
kqd rFkk laxqf
...
kqvksa
ds dfyy foy;u@ik;l ,oa buds izdkj@
Adsorption of gases by solids and factors affecting it
...
Enzyme catalysis, Emulsions and its types
...
k rFkk muds izeq[k ;kSfxdksa dk v/;;u
(Extraction of some Metals and study of Their important compounds)
Al, Cu, Zn, Fe, rFkk Ag ds L=ksr@fu"d"kZ
...
k ,oa mi;ksx@LVhy] QksVksxzkQhA

4

3

Occurrence and principles of Extraction of metals, Al, Cu, Zn, Fe and
Ag
...
Steel,
4
3
Photography
...
k voLFkk,sa@xq
...
kA
8

8

34

52

84

lewg 16 ds rRo & (O – S – Se – Te – Po )
bysDVªkfud foU;kl] izkfIr LFkku] vkDlhdj
...
kksa esa Øfedrk@lYQj
ds vkDlks vEyksa dh lajpuk H O nzo rFkk H S xSl gksus dk dkj
...
Trends in
properties, Structure of Nitrogen Oxides, Compounds of Phosphorous, Reason
of Not Forming NCl like PCl
...
Trends in properties
...


2

Unit-8 P-CykWd ds rRo (Element of P-Block)
lewg 17 ds rRo & (F - Cl- Br- I- At )

bysDVªkfud foU;kl] vkDlhdj
...
kksa esa ØfedrkA bUVj
gSykstu ;kSfxd rFkk buds cuus ds dkj
...

2

10

18

36

54

86

lewg 18 ds rRo & (He – Ne – Ar – Kr – xe – Rn )
bysDVªkfud foU;kl] izkfIr LFkku] xq
...

Unit-9 d– rFkk f– CykWd ds rRo (d and f Block Elements)

¼lewg&3 ls 12 ds rRo rFkk ySUFksukbM~l ,oa ,DVhukbM~l½
bysDVªkfud foU;kl] izkfIr LFkku] laØe
...
k rRoksa ds xq
...
k] vk;ksukbts’ku ,UFkSYih]
vkDlhdj
...
k] pqEcdh; xq
...
kA
ySUFksukbM~l& bysDVªkfud foU;kl] vkDlhdj
...
k voLFkk,saA
(Group 3 to 12 elements, Lanthanides and Actinides)
Electronic configuration, occurrence, characterstics of Transitional metals,
general trends in first row Transitional elements (metallic properties, Ionization
enthalpy, oxidation states, Ionic Radie, colour, catalytic properties, magnetic
properties, interstitial compounds, Alloy’s formation
...

Actinides- Electronic configuration, oxidation states
...
k ,oa vkd`fr;k¡]
,d&ukfHkdh; mi lgla;ksth ;kSfxdksa dk IUPAC ukedj
...
kkRed fo’ys"k
...
IUPAC
Nomenclature of mono-nuclear co-ordination compounds, Bonding, Isomerism,
Importance of co-ordination compounds (In qualitative analysis, extraction of
metals and Biological systems), Organo metallic compounds
...
k] C-x cU/k dh izd`fr] HkkSfrd ,oa jlk;fud xq
...
k] C-X cU/k dh izdfr] izfrLFkkiu fØ;k,sa rFkk ,dy izfrLFkkiu
`
;kSfxdksa esa gSykstuksa dk nSf’kd izHkkoA MkbZDyksjks] VªkbZDyksjks rFkk
VSVªkDyksjks esFksu] vk;ksMksQkeZ] Ýhvku] DDT, rFkk BHC ds iz;ksx ls
i;kZfoj
...

Haloarenes– Nomenclature, Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions and
directive influence of halogen for mono substituted compounds
only
...


bdkbZ &12 ,Ydksgy fQuky rFkk bZFkj
,Ydksgy &
ukedj
...
k dh fØ;kfof/kA
fQuky &
ukedj
...
k] bysDVªks fQfyd izfrLFkkiu fØ;k,sA
a
bZFkj &
ukedj
...
Nomenclature of Alcohols, distinction among Primary, Secondary and
Tertiary Alcohols, mechanism of dehydration of Alcohols
...
Nomenclature of phenols and reason for its Acedic nature, electrophillic
substitution reactors
...
Nomenclature of Ethers
...
k] vEyh; izd`fr dk dkj
...
Mechanism of Nucleophillic Addition reactions
...

4

bdkbZ &14 ukbVªkstu ;qDr dkcZfud ;kSfxd
ukbVªks ;kSfxd & izdkj] egRoiw
...
k] ukedj
...
k & dkcZfud la’ys"k
...

Amines – Classification, Nomenclature, Structure, distinetion of primary,
secondary and tertiary Amines
...


bdkbZ &15 ck;ks eksyhD;qYl ¼tSo v
...
kkRed Kku½
foVkfeUl & jklk;fud uke ,oa lw= rFkk oxhZdj
...
kquk’kh] thok
...

Soap and Detergents- Difference, cleanging action, insect repellents
...
kZ gksdj d{kk 11 oha esa tc foKku ladk; esa izos’k ysrs
gSa rc gkbZLdwy Lrj dh foKku dh rqyuk esa ikB~;Øe esa tehu vkleku dk varj ikdj
?kcjkus yxrs gSaA fo’ks"kdj jlk;u’kkL= esa vf/kdka’k ckrsa Le`fr ¼jVuh½ esa j[kuh gksrh gS
D;ksafd fo’ks"k n’kkvksa eas gh fdlh jlk;fud vfHkfØ;k }kjk fo’ks"k inkFkksZa dk fuekZ
...
kh dh o`gn
pkVZ ds }kjk lewg ,oa vkorZ esa xq
...
kksa esa Øferk crkus ds lkFk
gh buds bysfDVªkfud foU;kl vo’; cryk;s tkus pkfg;sA bu bysfDVªkfud foU;kl ds
vk/kkj ij ijek
...
kq vkdkj NksVk gksus dh otg ls dsoy NCl3 gh curk gS tcfd
blh lewg esa vxys rRo P-QkLQksjl }kjk PCl rks curk gh gS ;g vkdkj esa N dh
3

rqyuk esa cM+k gksus ds dkj
...
k P ds ikl
d&d{kd dh mifLFfr Hkh crykbZ tkuk pkfg;sA bl fjDr d&vkjfoVy dks s vkjfoVy

ls bysfDVªkWu feyus ij 5 vk;qfXer bysfDVªkWu izkIr gksuk gSA 16 osa lewg esa O rFkk S ds
xq
...
k O dk ijek
...
kq nwj&nwj jgus ds dkj
...
kh ds rRoksa ds bysfDVªkfud foU;kl le>krs le; d{kdksa esa v/kZiwfjr
rFkk iw
...
k rRoksa ds ckjs esa d&d{kd ds bysfDVªkuksa dk ÅtkZ
ikus ij vU; vxys d{kdksa esa izos’k gksus ds dkj
...
k
6

Hkh Li"V fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] lkFk gh v/kZ iwfjr d{kd gksus ij LFkkf;Ro x`g
...
k bu rRoksa }kjk la[;k esa dqN de ifjorhZ la;kstdrk,sa n’kkZus dk dkj
...
k dj
lokZf/kd ;kSfxdksa dk cukuk ,d dkj
...
NH2, –CN , –N≡C
vkSj NO2, –HSO3 vkfn lewgksa dks ykus fo"k;d lkekU; fØ;kvksa ls voxr djkus dk
vH;kl djk;k tk;s rks Nk= jlk;u ds lkekU; inksa ls ifjfpr gksdj izeq[k :i ls iwNs
tkus okys egRoiw
...
kZ djus esa vkRe fo’okl yk ldsaxs vkSj blls dkcZfud
jlk;u jkspd cusxhA ,sls gh dqN izØeksa eas iz;qDr inkFkksZa ds }kjk fØ;k,sa lEHko gqbZ] ftu
jlk;uKksa us ;s n’kk,sa Kkr dh muds uke ls mu izØeksa dks tkuk tkus yxk mnk- Pd rFkk
BaSO4 dh mifLFkfr esa H2 ds }kjk fd;k x;k vip;u jkstueq
...
k fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj csUthu fjax ls tqM+h
ik’Zo J`a[kyk dk vkaf’kd vkDlhdj
...
M vfHkfØ;k dgyk;kA ÝhMyØk¶V vfHkfØ;k dk foLrkj djrs gq, xSVjeSu&dksp
us AlCl3 dh mifLFkfr esa csUthu fjax esa –CHO lewg tksM+ fn;k bls xSVjeSu&dksp
vfHkfØ;k ds uke ls tkuk x;kA mnkCHO
+ CO + HCl

AlCl3

7

+ HCl

dksYcs us dkcZfud vEyksa ds lksfM;e vFkok ikSVsf’k;e yo
...
k laHko cuk;k blfy;s
mlh ds uke ij bls dkYcs la’ys"k
...
k dj ysrh gSA
fdlh ,jksesfVd vYMhgkbM dh fdlh ,Sls ,ySQSfVd vEy ,ugkbMªM ls ftlesa nks
vYQk gkbMªkstu ijek
...
k dh mifLFkfr
esa vfHkfØ;k djkus ij vlar`Ir vEy izkIr gksrk gSA ;g iz;ksx ijfdu oSKkfud us fd;k
blfy;s bl vfHkfØ;k dks ijfdUl vfHkfØ;k uke fn;k x;kA mnkCHO

CH=CH COOH
CH3CO
+

csUtSYMhgkbM

O

CH3 COO Na (180°)

CH3CO
,yhQSfVd ,ugkbMªkbM
¼,lhfVd ,ugkbMªkbM½

+CH3COOH
vlar`Ir vEy ¼flusfed vEy½

jhej&VheS u
bu jlk;uKksa usa fQukWy ds {kkjh; fo;u dh DyksjksQkeZ ls fØ;k 60° rki ij
djkds izkIr inkFkZ dk vEyh; ty ds lkFk vi?kVu fd;k ftlls lSyhflyd ,YMhgkbM
izkIr gqvkA bl vfHkfØ;k dks mUgha ds uke ls tkuk x;k mnkOH

ONa
+ CHCl3

NaOH
60°

OH
CHCl2 vEyh; ty
ruq H2SO4

fQukWy

CHO

+ 2HCl

¼lSyhfly ,YMhgkbM½

8

tc DyksjkQkeZ (CHCl ) ds LFkku ij dkcZu VSVªkDyksjkbM (CCl ) dk mi;ksx
3

4

fd;k x;k rc lSyh lSYMhgkbM ds LFkku ij lSyhflfyd vEy izkIr gqvkA
OH

ONa
vEyh; ty
ruq H2SO4

CCl3

NaOH
60°

+ CCl4

OH
COOH

fQukWy

+ 3HCl

lSyhflfyd vEy

oqVZt }kjk lksfM;e /kkrq ds lkFk ,Ydkby gSykbM~l dk bZFkjh; foy;u xeZ fd;k
x;k rks mPp ,Ydsu ¼lar`Ir gkbZMªksdkcZu½ izkIr gq,A bls oqVZt vfHkfØ;k uke fn;k
x;kA
R—X + 2Na + X—R ———> R—R + 2NaX

dqN ,Sls mnkgj
...
kZ vfHkfØ;k ekuh xbZ gSA
CH3 NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH
esfFky vehu

–H2O

W

NH2

mnk-

+ CHCl3 3KOH

W
–H2O

,suhyhu
¼vehuks csUthu½

CH3—N≡C + 3KCl
¼esfFky vkblks lk;ukbM½
N≡C
+ 3KCl
¼Qsfuy vkblks lk;ukbM½

gS y ks Q keZ vfHkfØ;k&
,Sls vYdksgy ftuesa 2C okys (CH —CH–Hkkx) vFkok nks dkcZu okys dkcksZukby
3

;kSfxd (CH –CO–Hkkx) tc fdlh {kkj dh mifLFkfr esa gSykstuks (Cl , Br , I ) ds
3

2

2

2

lkFk xeZ fd, tkrs gS rks cuus okys DyksjksQkeZ] czkseksQkeZ vFkok vk;ksMksQkeZ lfEefyr
:i ls gSyksQkeZ dgs tkrs gSa vkSj bl lkekU; vfHkfØ;k dks gSyksQkeZ vfHkfØ;k ds uke
ls tkuk tkrk gSA
9

CH3CH2OH+4Cl2+6NaOH ——>

CHCl3+5NaCl+HCOONa+5H2O

DyksjksQkeZ
CH3CH2OH+4I2+6NaOH——>

CHI3+5NaI+HCOONa+5H2O

vk;ksMksQkeZ
CH CH OH+4X +6KOH——>
3

2

CHX +5KX+HCOOK+5H O

2

3

2

gSyksQkeZ

egRoiw
...
k djuk gksrk gS vU;Fkk vYdksgy ds lkFk dqN ek=k vYMhgkbM dh Hkh
cusxhA ean vkDlhdkjd NaNO /HCl gSA
2

NaNO2/HCl
R–NH2
H2 O
NH3 + HCl

3-

R–OH + NH 3↑

NH4Cl

NaNO2

NH4NO2 + NaCl

tc C dh la[;k fdlh ;kSfxd esa c<+kbZ tkuh gks rks fuEu rduhd viukbZ tk

ldrh gSA
R–NH2

4-

NaNO2/HCl

R–OH

PCl3

R–Cl

KCN
(Alc
...

(H2)

R–CN

R–CH –NH
2
2

dkcZu la[;k c<+kus dh nwljh fof/k oqVZt vfHkfØ;k Hkh gS blesa fdlh ,Ydsu ds

eksuks gSykbM cukdj bZFkj esa lksfM;e ds lkFk ;s gSykbM feykus ij gSykbMksa ds nks
v
...
k
12

QkfeZd vEy (HCOOH) ls CH3COOH vEy
2 c- nks dkcZu okys dkcksZfDlfyd vEy ls ,d dkcZu okyk vEy cukuk ¼v- dk
foijhr½
CH3COOH + NH3
,FlfVd vEy

(O)

CH3COONH4

(O)

Br2+KOH
gkWQeSu czkekbM
s
vfHkfØ;k

[2Carbon]

[O]

HCHO

CH3CONH2

Na2Cr2O7
NaNO2/HCl
CH3OH
CH3NH2 + KBr + K2CO3
H2SO4

HCOOH
QkfeZd vEy
[1Carbon]

13

iz'u&i= CywfizUV
BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER

ijh{kk % gk;j lsds
...
k
,oa muds izeq[k ;kSfxdksa
dk v/;;u
P&Cykad ds rRo I
P&Cykad ds rRo II
d ,oa f&Cykad ds rRo
milgla;ksth jlk;u
gSyks ,Ydsu ,oa
gSyks,jhu
vYdksgy fQukWy ,oa
bZFkj
vYMhgkbM] dhVksu rFkk
dkcksZfDlfyd vEy
ukbVªkstu ;qDr dkcZfud
;kSfxd
tSo v
...
kkZad % 75
le; % 3 ?k
...
Vs
iw
...
My izHkko dksyk;Mh d
...
k /kkrq dk uke crkvksA
(e) fdl vfHkfØ;k ds vafre mRiku esa dkcZu J`a[kyk esa ,d dkcZu ijek
...
k
2
Msoyfiax
vFkok
feJ /kkrq ls D;k le>rs gks] dkWij dh rhu feJ /kkrqvks dk la?kVu u mi;ksx
fy[kks\

iz'u&7

SO2 vkSj Cl2 dh fojatu fØ;kvksa esa vUrj fy[kks\

vFkok
rkacs ds lkFk ukbfVªd vEy dh fØ;kvksa dh lehdj
...
k fy[kksaA
1 HF dks dkap dh cksry esa lqjf{kr ugha j[kk tkrk gS \
2 'kwU; oxZ ds rRo lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;kSfxd ugh cukrs \
vFkok
1 mR—"V xSlksa dh vk;uu ÅtkZ loksPp gksrh gS \
2 lewg 17 ds rRo izcy vkWDlhdjd gksrs gS \

iz'u&9

Li"V dhft;s fd Ni(CO)4 prq"Qydh; gS] tcfd [Ni(CN)4]–2 oxZ leryh; 4 vad
gS] D;ksa \
vFkok
–3
[Fe(CN)6] nqcZy vuqpqEcdh; gS] tcfd [Fe(CN)6]–4 izfr pqEcdh; gS]
D;ksa \

16

4 vad

iz'u&10 fuEufyf[kr ij lehdj
...
kh fy[kksA
1 jhej&VheSu vfHkfØ;k
2
dkfcZu,;hu vfHkfØ;k
vFkok
fuEufyf[kr ij lehdj
...
kh fy[kksa &
1 DDT
2
BHC

4 vad

iz'u&11 iz;ksx'kkyk esa Mkb,fFky bZFkj cukus dh fof/k dk o
...
k
3 fof/k
vFkok
'khjs }kjk ,fFky ,Ydksgy cukus dh fof/k dk o
...
k
vFkok
DNA o RNA esa pkj vUrj fy[kksA

4 vad

iz'u&14 Hkkjr ds nks izkphu oSKkfudksa ds ckjs esa fyf[k;sA
4 vad
vFkok
fdUgh pkj vkS"k/kh; ikS/ks ds okLrfod uke o mudk ,d&,d mi;ksx fy[ksA
iz'u&15 1 DoFkukad esa mUU;u D;k gS \
5 vad
2 ,d tyh; foy;u –0
...
86K, Kg mol–1, Kb = 0
...
k nkc D;k gS]
2 300 K ij ;wfj;k ds ml foy;u dk ijklj
...
0821 yhVj ok;qe
...
kqHkkj¾60)
iz'u&16 vfHkfØ;k dh nj D;k gS] bldks izHkkfor djus okys pkj dkjd fy[ksa \
5 vad
vFkok
nsgyh ÅtkZ vkS lfØ;u ÅtkZ dks le>kb;s] rFkk budk vkil esa lEcU/k
crkb;sA
iz'u&17 ySUFksukbM ladqpu D;k gS] blls ySUFksukbM ij iM+us okys izHkko] dksbZ rhu 5 vad
izHkko le>kvksA
vFkok
3D rRoks fuEu xq
...
k
2 jaxhu vk;u

18

vkn’kZ mRrj
iz’u- 1
¼1½ ¼i½
¼ii½
¼iii½
¼iv½
¼v½

dksbZ nks"k ugh
8
feBkl iSnk djus okyk inkFkZ
foVkfeu D
nqxuk

¼2½

¼i½
¼ii½
¼iii½
¼iv½
¼v½

vfØLVyh;
o`f)
xSl dk nzo esa
'kwU;
izdhZ
...
k
f=dks
...
kZ gksrh gS mls bl
fØ;k dk v)Z vk;qdky dgrs gSaA bls t½ ls iznf’kZr djrs gSaA izFke dksfV ds fy, bldk
ek=d feuV gksrk gSA
izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k ds fy, lw=
izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k ds fy;s lekdfyr nj lehdj
...
303
t
2
...
303
K
2
...
303
K
0
...
3010

[‡log2=0
...
k fØ;kvksa rFkk dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa ds la’ys"k
...
k ftysfVu ;qDr veksfu;e czksekbV ds ?kksy esa flYoj
ukbVªsV dk veksfu;ke; foy;u feykrs gaS ftlls flYoj czksekbM vfr eghu d
...
k dks yxHkx 45° ij dqN le; ds fy, j[k nsrs gSaA ftlls
AgBr ds d
...
kksa ds izfr lqxzkgh cukus ds fy,
ftysfVu esa fo’ks"k izdkj ds jatd feyk fn;s tkrs gSaA lHkh jaxksa dh fdj
...
kZ dj nsrk gSA IysV esa ftu Hkkxksa ij izdk’k iM+rk gS ogkW flYoj dh dkyh
rg te tkrh gSA bl izdkj oLrq dk pedhyk Hkkx IysV dh voLFkk esa dkyk gksrk gS vkSj
dkyk Hkkx lQsn gksrk gSA vr% oLrq dk iw
...
k gSA feJ /kkrq,sa
vius tud /kkrqvksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd dBksj] vf/kd xyukad okyh rik vf/kd la{kkj
...
k }kjk gksrk gS tcfd blds foijhr lYQj
MkbvkDlkbM dk fojatu vip;u }kjk gksrk gSA
Dyksjhu dk fojatu LFkk;h gksrk gSA
21

Cl2 + H2O
HCl + HO4
HOCl
HCl + [O]
jaxhu inkFkZ + [O]
jaxghu inkFkZ
SO2 dk fojatu vLFkk;h gksrk gS D;ksafd os jaxghu inkFkZ ok;qe
...
Ms ,oa 20 ls 25 izfr’kr lkUnz HNO3 ls
4Cu + 10HNO3

2-

B
...
Ms ,oa 50 izfr’kr lkUnz HNO3 ls
Cu + 4HNO3

4-

4Cu (NO3)2 + 5 H2O + H2O

Cu (NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2

50 izfr’kr lkUnz rFkk xeZ HNO3 ls
5 Cu + 12 HNO3 ——à 5 Cu (NO3)2 + 6H2O + N2

ukbVªl vkDlkbM

ukbfVªd vkDlkbM

ukbVªkstu ij

ukbVªkstu

iz'u 8
mRrj & (a) HF dks dkap dh cksry esa lqjf{kr ugh j[kk tkrk gS D;ksafd og dkap dh
cksry ds dkap ls fØ;k dj mls ?kksy nsrk gS
SiO2 + 2H2F2

SiF4 + 2H2O
Silicontetra Flouride
H2SiF6
Hydro Flourosilic Acid
Na2SiF6 + 3H2O
Sodium Flourosilicate

SiF4 + 2HF
Na2SiO3 + 3H2F2

vkSj Sodium Flourosilicate cukrk gSA
(b) 'kwU; oxZ ¼vkn'kZ xSl½ ds lHkh ijek
...
kZr% Hkjs gksrs gSA ghfy;e
dks NksM+dj lHkh xSlksa dh ckâ;r; d{k esa LFkk;h v"Vd O;oLFkk ns2np6 gSA ghfy;e esa
1S2 LFkk;h foU;kl gSA

22

1
'kwU; xSlksa ds ijek
...
k bysDVªku R;kx dj /ku vk;u ugh cukrsA
3
mis{k
...
k ;s bysDVªku xzg
...
kk;u
ugh cukrsA
vFkok
1
mR—"V xSlksa dh vk;uu ÅtkZ vf/kd gksrh gS D;ksafd bu xSlksa dk bysDVªkWfud
foU;kl iw
...
k djus dh {kerk vf/kd gSA bl dkj
...
kq :i esa gSA vr% bldh vkWDlhdj
...
kq foU;kl fuEu fyf[kr gSA
28Ni = 1S2, 2S2, 2P6, 3S2, 3P6, 4S23d8

vr% bysDVªkfud foU;kl gS
4S2

3d

Ni(28) =

4P

ladj
...
k ds fy;s 4S bysDVªku 3d d{kd esa O;ofLFkr gks
tkrs gS vr%
3d

4
SP3 ladj
...
k gS blfy, prq"Qydh; gS tcfd [Ni(CN)4]2 esa Ni dh vkWDlhdj
la[;k +2 gSA vr% Ni++ dk bysDVªkfud foU;kl gksxk&
–2

3d

4S

4P

[Ni(CN)4] Ni(II) vk;u =

dsp2 ladj
...
k ladwy dh lajpuk oxZ leryh; gksrh gSA

vFkok
23

[Fi(CN)6]–3 nqcZy vuqpqEcdh; gS tcfd [Fe(CN)6]–4 izfr pqEcdh; gS D;ksafd
[Fe(CN)6]-3 esa Qsfjd vk;u esa vafre RkFkk vafre ls ,d d{kk dk bysDVªkfud foU;kl

fuEu fyf[kr gSA

Fe+3 dk ijek
...
k d2sp3 ladj
...
D
...
iSjk & MkbDyksjks MkbQsfuy VªkbDyksjks ,sFksu bldk jklk;fud uke gS
bls Dyksjks casthu ds nks v
...
D
...
curk gSA
(1)

B
...
C
...
H
...
izkIr gksrk gSA bls 666 ;k xSesDlsu
(2)

;k 1]2]3]4]5]6 gsDlk DYkksjks lkbDyksgsDlsu Hkh dgrs gSaA

iz'u- 11 bZFkj cukus dh iz;ksx’kkyk fof/k %&

25

mRrj & fp=
lehdj
...
k ys fy;k tkrk gS fp=kuqlkj midj
...
k dh fof/k Hkh dgrs gSA
'kks/ku & iz;ksx’kkyk fof/k ls izkIr bZFkj esa ,Fksuky] ty] o lY¶;qfjd vEy dh
v’kqf);kWa gksrh gSA igys bZFkj dks NaOH foy;u ls /kksrs gSa ftlls lY¶;qfjd vEy dh
v’kqf) nwj gks tkrh gSA bZFkj okys ry dks i`Fkd djds mlesa 50 izfr’kr CaCl2 foy;u
feykrs gSa blls ,sYdksgkWy vyx gks tkrk gSA i`FkDdkjh dhi }kjk bZFkj dks i`Fkd dj ysrs
gSa rFkk vuknZ CaCl2 ds mij lw[kk ysrs gSaA 54°–36°C ij iqu% vklou djus ls 'kq)
bZFkj izkIr gksrk gSA
vFkok
'khjs ls ,Ydksgy cukus dh fof/k
1ok’k dk cuuk %& xUus ds jl ls 'kDdj ds fØLVy i`Fkd dj ysus ds i’pkr
ihys xk<+s jax dk pkluh tSlk nzo cprk gS ftls 'khjk dgrs gSa] 'khjs esa ty feykdj 8
ls 10 izfr’kr ruq djrs gSa vkSj blesa FkksM+h ek=k esa veksfu;e lYQsV vkSj veksfu;e
QkLQsV rFkk lY¶;qfjd vEy feyk fn;k tkrk gS mDr foy;u esa 5% ;hLV feyk fn;k
tkrk gSA feJ
...
k & izksVhu dk fo—frdj
...
k dgrs gSA fo—frdj
...
Ms dks
mcyrs gq, ikuh esa dqN nsj ds fy, j[krs gSa rks v
...
k
gks tkrk gSA
vFkok
D
...
A
...
N
...
esa pkj fuEu fyf[kr varj gSA
R
...
A
...
N
...


1- bldh ,dygsfyDl lajpuk gksrh gS

bldh f}VsfyDl lajpuk gksrh gS ftlesa

2- ftlesa jkbokst 'kdZjk gksrh gS

Mh&vkWDlhjkbckst 'kdZjk gksrh gSA

3- blds ik;jhfeMhu {kkj esa ;wjsfly

blesa ik;jhfeMhu {kkj esa Fkk;ehu gksrk

gksrk gSA

gSA

4- ;g lkbVksIykTe o Øksekslkse esa ik;k ;g ukfHkd esa ik;k tkrk gS ftldk eq[;
tkrk gS ftldk eq[; dk;Z izksVhu

dk;Z iSr`d xq
...
k gSA

djrk gSA

;g lans’k okgd dk dk;Z djrk gSA

izR;sd D
...
A
...
kZ gSa D;ksafd bUgksua ekuo lajpuk ,oa
jDr lapkj ds ckjs esa egRoiw
...
koRrk ,oa mldh dk;Z
iz
...
kkn & vkpk;Z d
...
kq fl)kUr dk tud ekuk tkrk gSA os
oS’ksf"kd n’kZu ds izoZrd ekus tkrs gSaA oS’ksf"kd n’kZu dk ewy vk/kkj ijek
...
kkn us MkYVu ds fl)kar ds gtkjksa o"kZ iwoZ crk;k fd czgek
...
k dk fuekZ
...
kq }kjk gqvk gSA mUgksaus v
...
k HkVV vkfn oSKkfudksa dks crk;k tk ldrk gSA½
vFkok
iz'u 15
mRrj & (a) DoFkukad esa mUu;u & fdlh nzo dk DoFkukad og rki gS ftl ij mlds
ok"i nkc dk eku ok;q e
...
Myh; nkc ds cjkcj gks tkrk gSA ¼vFkkZr foy;u
dk DoFkukad½ ml rki ls vf/kd gksxk ftl ij 'kq) foyk;d dk ok"i nkc ok;qe
...
186°C
fgekad voueu fLFkjkad Kf = 1
...
512 K Kg mol–1
WTf = Kf x eksyyrk
WTf

eksyyrk = Kf

DokFkukad dk mUu;u

=

0
...
2
0
...
512 x 0
...
512°C
= 0
...
k nkc & v)Z ikjxE; f>Yyh }kjk foyk;d v
...
k nkc dgykrk gSA
WB
RT
MB
iz’u ds vuqlkj v = 1 yhVj] T = 300 k, R=0
...
Myh;] WB =
foys; dk nzO;eku] MB = foys; dk vf
...
0821 x 300
x
=
x
= 2
...
My
ijklj
...
k nkc = 2
...
My

(2)

πv = nRT =

iz'u 16
mRrj & vfHkfØ;k ds vfHkdkjdksa vFkok fØ;kQyksa dh lkUnzrkvksa esa le; ds lkFk tks
ifjorZu gksrk gS mls vfHkfØ;k nj dgrs gSaA
30

fØ;kdkjd rFkk fØ;kQy dh lkUnzrk esa ifjorZu
le; vUrjky
bdkbZ & eksy fyVj–1 lsd
...
k& vfHkdkjd dk lkUn
...
k
c<+kus ij vfHkdkjd v
...
kqvksa dh xfrt ÅtkZ dk eku c<+ tkrk gSA iz;ksxksa
}kjk ns[kk x;k gS fd izfr 10 rki o`f) ls vfHkfØ;k dh nj nks ls rhu xquh rd gks tkrh
gSA
3mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr& mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr ls lfØ; ÅtkZ dk eku ifjofrZr gks
tkrk gSA ftlls vfHkfØ;k dh nj ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS ftlls vfHkfØ;k dh nj ifjofrZr
gks tkrh gSA /kukRed mRizsjd vfHkfØ;k dh nj dks c<+k nsrs gSa tcfd _
...
kq ikl&ikl vk tkrs gSa izHkkoh VDDjksa dh la[;k c<+ tkrh gSA
ftlls vfHkfØ;k nj esa o`f) gks tkrh gSA
¼blds vykok i`"B {ks=Qy Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gS ½
vfHkfØ;k nj ¾

vFkok
nsgyh ÅtkZ & lfØ;r v
...
kZ ÅtkZ gksrh gS mls nsgyh ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA
nsgyh ÅtkZ ;qDr v
...
kq esa
cny tkrk gSA
nsgyh ÅtkZ ¾ v
...
k ÅtkZ
lfØ;
...
kq dks lfØ; djus ds fy, vko’;d gksrh gS lfØ;
...
kq ÅtkZ vojks/k dks ij dj mRikn ladwy cukrk gSA
lfØ;
...
kq dh fuEure ÅtkZ
lfØ;
...
k ÅtkZ vkSj nsgyh ÅtkZ esa ijLij
fudV dk laca/k gksrk gS v
...
k dj lfØ;
...
kq mRikn esa cny tkrk gSA vr%
lafØ;
...
kq dh fuEure ÅtkZ
nsgyh ÅtkZ = lafØ;
...
kq dh fuEure ÅtkZ

31

iz’u &17
mRrj & ySUFksukbM ladqpu & ySUisukbMksa ds ijek
...
kqvksa ,oa vk;uksa ds vkdkj esa deh gksrh gS bls ySUFksukbM ladqpu dgrs gSA
dkj
...
k cy esa o`f) gksrh gS ftlls ijek
...
kkRedrk % Ce(58) ls Lu(71) rd fo|qr _
...
k voLFkk ds fy, vip;u foHko Øe’k% –2
...
25v rd Ce(58) ls Lu(71) rd vf/kd gksrk tkrk gSA
vFkok
laØe
...
k &
1mRizsjdh; xq
...
k Js
...
k dh mRizsj
...
k gSA
vek/;fed ;kSfxd dk fuekZ
...
k rRo ifjorhZ la;kstdrk ds dkj
...
k ÅtkZ okyk uohu iFk
vfHkfØ;k ds fy, miyC/k djokrs gSaA
ci`"B {ks=& laØe
...
k c<+ tkrk gS QyLo:i fØ;kRed
osx esa o`f+) gks tkrh gSA
2jaxhu vk;u & laØe
...
k gks tkrk gS QyLo:i ijkofrZr izdk’k lQsn u
gksdj jaxhu gksrk gS blfy, laØe
...
k %
Cu+ = 1s2, 2s2p6, 3s2p6d10, 4s°
Cu++ = 1s2, 2s2p6, 3s2p6d9, 4s°

bysDVªkfud foU;kl ls Li"V gS fd Cu+ ¼D;wil½ vk;u esa lHkh bysDVªku ;qfXer gS blfy,
z
n`’; izdk’k dh ÅtkZ dks vi’kksf"kr djds blds bysDVªku mRrsftr ugh gksrs gSa vFkkZr laØe
...
k gks tkrk gSA QyLo:ii ifjofrZr izdk’k lQsn u gksdj jaxhu
gksrk gSA blfy, Cu++ vk;u jaxhu gksrk gSA
32



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