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Title: The Power of Wind
Description: Abstract The concept of a device to harness the power of wind is not a recent breakthrough, early designs can be traced to Persia between 500-900 AD, early vertical axis wind machines could also be traced to China, the development of such machines came to be from pure necessity to automate difficult tasks (Telosnet 2015). The primary purpose of these windmills and machines that harnessed the natural resource of wind was to either grind grains or pump water, in the Netherlands large amounts of land could be reclaimed for agricultural or industrial purposes, the broader benefits of this helped the development of the Netherlands into the first world European nature we know today. The challenges of a modern world has expedited the development of the modern turbine, particular the pressure of fossil fuel scarcity and global climate change. Power generation from wind turbines has drastically changed both the physical landscape of the world and the market landscape of power production, what is considered conventional power production has been challenged and changed. Recent important innovations in the modern wind turbines has drastically improved the cost, weight, maintainability and performance of the wind turbine. The overall improved feasibility of the wind turbine has contributed to important moments in power generation, on a sunny windy day in Germany - a leading industrialized country, it is often the case that the power required is created entirely from renewable sources.
Description: Abstract The concept of a device to harness the power of wind is not a recent breakthrough, early designs can be traced to Persia between 500-900 AD, early vertical axis wind machines could also be traced to China, the development of such machines came to be from pure necessity to automate difficult tasks (Telosnet 2015). The primary purpose of these windmills and machines that harnessed the natural resource of wind was to either grind grains or pump water, in the Netherlands large amounts of land could be reclaimed for agricultural or industrial purposes, the broader benefits of this helped the development of the Netherlands into the first world European nature we know today. The challenges of a modern world has expedited the development of the modern turbine, particular the pressure of fossil fuel scarcity and global climate change. Power generation from wind turbines has drastically changed both the physical landscape of the world and the market landscape of power production, what is considered conventional power production has been challenged and changed. Recent important innovations in the modern wind turbines has drastically improved the cost, weight, maintainability and performance of the wind turbine. The overall improved feasibility of the wind turbine has contributed to important moments in power generation, on a sunny windy day in Germany - a leading industrialized country, it is often the case that the power required is created entirely from renewable sources.
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MIET 2032 Renewable Energy Systems
The Power of Wind
A review into the ability of wind turbines to produce mechanical work and
energy from a renewable source
...
The primary purpose of these windmills and machines that harnessed the natural
resource of wind was to either grind grains or pump water, in the Netherlands large
amounts of land could be reclaimed for agricultural or industrial purposes, the broader
benefits of this helped the development of the Netherlands into the first world
European nature we know today
...
Power
generation from wind turbines has drastically changed both the physical landscape of
the world and the market landscape of power production, what is considered
conventional power production has been challenged and changed
...
The overall
improved feasibility of the wind turbine has contributed to important moments in
power generation, on a sunny windy day in Germany - a leading industrialized country,
it is often the case that the power required is created entirely from renewable sources
...
2
Introduction and Background
...
5
Why wind energy?
...
6
Axis
...
8
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)
...
9
Why 3 blades?
...
10
Tower Height
...
11
Onshore
...
12
Control system
...
14
Pitch
...
14
Power electronics
...
15
Diagnostics
...
16
Why wind?
...
16
3
Location
...
16
References
...
These uneven rising of air mass creates uneven density of air which tries
to even itself out, this is why wind is stronger as we go higher in altitude
...
Wind Energy is one of the most readily available renewable energy on Earth
...
Throughout history humanity has utilized wind
energy for several applications
...
By 2014, wind turbines all around the world
were producing 4% of the world‟s electricity (WWEA 2014)
...
The wind turbine harnesses the wind power by making the wind
drives the rotor blades of the turbine, the rotor blades in turn spins a shaft which is
connected to a generator which produces electricity
...
The first large wind turbine to generate electricity was installed in Cleveland, Ohio, in
1888
...
Nowadays, an average onshore wind turbine has a wind power capacity of 2
...
A modern wind
turbine can produce electivity with an efficiency of 20%-40%
...
This article will
look into the harnessing of wind energy by using turbines, its efficiencies, how and
why wind turbines are build, their different kinds of turbines and their features and
operations
...
5
Moreover, the use of coal and fossil fuels produces a waste product which harms the
ecosystem
...
Design
The wind turbine is made up of many different parts and components that allows the
wind turbine to function properly
...
The basic components of a wind turbine are:
Foundation
Tower
Nacelle
Hub and Rotor
Drive Train (Gear box; Generator)
Electronics and Control (Yaw, Pitch, Braking, Power electronics, Cooling,
Diagnostics
...
Moreover they also have speed control during the working time
which allows for maximum efficiency (Dr
...
Wind turbines are made with an important role in functionality,
Efficiency is one of the key factors when designing a wind turbine, this would allow the
wind turbine utilize the maximum amount of wind energy available for harnessing
(Shuainan, Jing & Shawn 2016)
7
Axis
There are two main types of wind turbines, vertical axis (VAWT) and horizontal axis
(HAWT) wind turbines (Guzzetta, Mayers & Purse 2007)
...
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)
The horizontal axis wind turbine are the most common types of wind turbines used
...
This allows the blades to face the winds which turns the rotor
...
The blades move perpendicular to the wind, allowing more power to be
harnessed by the wind turbine
...
Large Machinery is needed
...
("Turbine Options: Vertical Axis Vs
...
Unlike horizontal axis wind turbines vertical axis wind turbines are usually short and
are close to the ground
...
Long curved propellers are
designed to be pushed by a small amount of wind
...
Disadvantages of vertical axis wind turbines:
Vertical axis wind turbines have lower height and thus will only receive slow
winds
...
Horizontal Axis - Urbanwind")
Blades and Rotor
In harnessing wind energy, the rotor blades plays a key role in harnessing wind energy
efficiently
...
Why 3 blades?
By adding more blades, the torque produced will be
increased and the rotation speed of the rotor will be
slower
...
Therefore, having fewer
9
number of blades is ideal for a wind turbine as it will increase its rotational speed
...
However, due to
stability problems, it is not very practical
...
The two blades design in wind turbines are not used as the blades counter balances
each other, this created a resistance to yawning
...
("Wind - Alternative Energy9998")
In addition to the amount of blades on a wind turbine, the blade length also plays a
part in how much wind energy is harvested by the turbine
...
Normally, most blades are commonly made
from reinforced fiber plastics or carbon fiber, carbon fiber blades are rarer as it costs
more but are also lighter
...
The modern blade length of a wind turbine
can be up to 40m
...
This characteristic is adopted to
accommodate for changing wind speeds from the center of the hub to the tip of the
10
blade
...
The twist is to achieve optimal angle of attack along the full length of the
turbine blade (Dr
...
Stefania Castelletto)
...
Tower Height
The purpose of the tower is to support the
rotor and the nacelle, the electrical generator,
the yaw mechanism and the stall control
...
Stronger and steadier winds
at higher altitudes ensures a more reliable
input while potentially reducing the cost of the
electricity generated (Casey 2015)
...
Traditionally, wind turbine towers costs 2025% of the whole wind turbine
...
The location of a site can have various wind speeds depending on its
geographical conditions, this will influence the energy output generated by the wind
turbine
...
Site specific data for wind speed and
direction is crucial to determine the site potential (Meyers 2011)
...
Since early human civilizations, wind mills have been used for many various tasks
...
Wind turbines have been improving step by step
since (Bilgili, Yasar & Simsek 2010)
...
However, on land
most wind faces obstacles such as buildings trees and geographical landscapes
...
Therefore, most wind
turbines are located near the shoreline, over flat planes or on a hill
...
From
the first idea of an offshore wind turbine, technology has taken a step forward from
building wind turbines that has foundations in shallow water that sits on the bed of the
body of water to having floating turbines
...
Onshore
Onshore wind turbines are the most common types of turbine locations up to date
...
Advantages of onshore wind turbine:
It is less complex and less maintenance is required
Disadvantages of onshore wind turbine:
Visual and noise impact on the surrounding
...
These turbines typically receives more wind energy which is readily
available over sea waters
...
However, having a wind turbine over water
requires a great deal of capital as construction costs and power transmissions are
12
inconvenient
...
They are also harder to install and maintain (Bilgili, Yasar & Simsek 2010)
Advantages of offshore wind turbine:
Receives stronger winds which increases the energy output of the turbine
...
Disadvantages of offshore wind turbine:
Very difficult to construct as the foundation is on a body of water
...
Expensive to have power transmission cables away from where it is being used
...
(Miller 2012)
The figure above shows an onshore wind turbine and the different types of offshore
wind turbines
...
The control system is important because it
oversees several area of the wind turbine
...
The control system regulates
power and speed to the wind turbine
...
(Lackner
2017)
...
Yaw
The Yaw of a wind turbine unit can be described as the orientation of the Nacell with
respect to the direction of wind supply, ("Yaw Control - Wind Turbine Gear Motors |
Bonfiglioli") efficiently controlling this can allow a wind turbine to operate optimally
and safely
...
("Yaw Control - Wind Turbine Gear Motors | Bonfiglioli")
In the case of maintenance, a Nacelle could be pitched out of direct wind flow to allow
braking easier of the wind turbine blades
...
Pitch
Pitch relates to the orientation of the wind turbine blades, control over blade pitch
allows optimization of the output of a wind turbine blade, adjustments can be made
with varying wind speeds and conditions
...
” Over
speeding wind turbines can result in significant damage to major components such as
14
gearboxes or generators, there have been records of turbines catastrophically failing
and resulting in complete destruction of units
...
Generally the arrangement of electronical components are dependent on the
arrangement of the turbine
...
(Morris
2011) Some limiting factors are: the impedance of transmission lines, the grid
frequency, and thermal limitations of electricity transfer
...
Cooling
The thermal capabilities of components can affect the overall performance of wind
turbines, critically it is important to cool and maintain the temperature in high ticket
items
...
Diagnostics
Modern wind turbines can be monitored live with Vibrational Analysis, various
frequencies can detect defects of big ticket components before damage is caused to
the wind turbine, this innovation has resulted in improved utilization and decreased
downtime of wind turbines
...
15
Conclusion
Why wind?
Australia is experiencing an energy transition period due to the Increasing scarcity of
Nonrenewable energy sources, the nation in some locations is experiencing blackouts
and shortages
...
Design
The modern wind turbine has visibly changed significantly from earlier configurations,
the advancement of generators and gearboxes have propelled the usability of a wind
turbine significantly in modern development
...
Location
Varied locations unforeseen or unimaginable in the past have been identified and used
as rich and feasible wind farms, offshore wind turbines can be seen all around Europe
...
Maintenance
and reliability has improved on land turbines due to easy access
...
Diagnostics and
maintenance
management systems have improved as a necessity to control large fleets of wind
turbines on many wind farm locations along side
...
16
Wind turbines currently make up a large and highly increasing proportion of our
energy supply, technical advances will continue to increase and improve capacity of
wind turbines as the global market shifts to meet the challenges of tomorrow
...
"What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Offshore Wind Farms? |
American Geosciences Institute"
...
org
...
p
...
Web
...
Ashwill, T, Laird, D 2007, „Concepts to Facilitate Very Large Blades‟, AIAA Aerospace
Sciences Meeting and Exhibition, vol 45
...
awea
...
%20wind%20turbines>
...
"How High Should Your Small Wind Turbine Be?"
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N
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...
7 May 2017
...
905-915, doi: 10
...
rser
...
11
...
Casey, Tina 2015, "Warren Buffett Gives A Gigantic Concrete Wind Turbine Tower To
Iowa"
...
N
...
, 2017
...
6 May 2017
...
Stefania Castelletto 2017, „Wind power systems‟, Renewable Energy Systems, topic
5
EWEA 2016, Wind energy‟s frequently asked questions (FAQ), European Wind Energy
Association,
retrieved
5
May,
2017,
org/wind-energy-
basics/faq/>
...
wikidot
...
36,
pp
...
1016/j
...
2011
...
002
...
"Wind Turbine Control Systems: Current Status And Future
Developments"
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Presentation
...
org/Explore/ArticleId/193/why-dontwind-turbines-have-more-than-3-blades-193
...
1002/we
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2/issuetoc
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KQED's Climate Watch
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p
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Web
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Minaeian, A, Sedaghat A, Mostafaeipour A & Alemrajabi, AA 2017, „Exploring economy
of small communities and households by investing onharnessing wind energy in the
province of Sistan-Baluchestan in Iran‟, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol
74, pp
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1016/j
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2017
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Morris, Lindsay 2011
...
Gearbox: Progress On Both Fronts"
...
com
...
p
...
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...
NewEn Australia 2017, Wind Turbine, NewEn Australia, retrieved 2 May 2017,
com
...
asp>
...
wordpress
...
Telosnet 2015, "Early History Through 1875"
...
com
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p
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Wind - Alternative Energy9998"
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N
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3 May 2017
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wwindea
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pdf>
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Hydratech-industries
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N
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2
May 2017
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Horizontal Axis - Urbanwind"
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N
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1 May 2017
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Alternative Energy Tutorials
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p
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Web
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"Yaw Control - Wind Turbine Gear Motors | Bonfiglioli"
...
com
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N
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, 2017
...
7 May 2017
Title: The Power of Wind
Description: Abstract The concept of a device to harness the power of wind is not a recent breakthrough, early designs can be traced to Persia between 500-900 AD, early vertical axis wind machines could also be traced to China, the development of such machines came to be from pure necessity to automate difficult tasks (Telosnet 2015). The primary purpose of these windmills and machines that harnessed the natural resource of wind was to either grind grains or pump water, in the Netherlands large amounts of land could be reclaimed for agricultural or industrial purposes, the broader benefits of this helped the development of the Netherlands into the first world European nature we know today. The challenges of a modern world has expedited the development of the modern turbine, particular the pressure of fossil fuel scarcity and global climate change. Power generation from wind turbines has drastically changed both the physical landscape of the world and the market landscape of power production, what is considered conventional power production has been challenged and changed. Recent important innovations in the modern wind turbines has drastically improved the cost, weight, maintainability and performance of the wind turbine. The overall improved feasibility of the wind turbine has contributed to important moments in power generation, on a sunny windy day in Germany - a leading industrialized country, it is often the case that the power required is created entirely from renewable sources.
Description: Abstract The concept of a device to harness the power of wind is not a recent breakthrough, early designs can be traced to Persia between 500-900 AD, early vertical axis wind machines could also be traced to China, the development of such machines came to be from pure necessity to automate difficult tasks (Telosnet 2015). The primary purpose of these windmills and machines that harnessed the natural resource of wind was to either grind grains or pump water, in the Netherlands large amounts of land could be reclaimed for agricultural or industrial purposes, the broader benefits of this helped the development of the Netherlands into the first world European nature we know today. The challenges of a modern world has expedited the development of the modern turbine, particular the pressure of fossil fuel scarcity and global climate change. Power generation from wind turbines has drastically changed both the physical landscape of the world and the market landscape of power production, what is considered conventional power production has been challenged and changed. Recent important innovations in the modern wind turbines has drastically improved the cost, weight, maintainability and performance of the wind turbine. The overall improved feasibility of the wind turbine has contributed to important moments in power generation, on a sunny windy day in Germany - a leading industrialized country, it is often the case that the power required is created entirely from renewable sources.