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Title: Organic Molecules
Description: These notes are the for the high school student in AP Biology.
Description: These notes are the for the high school student in AP Biology.
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Organic Molecules
INTRODUCTION
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Organic molecules are compounds
that contain carbon
Categories include carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbon is a perfect backbone for
biochemicals because:
o It can form 4 covalent bonds
o Carbon skeletons can range
in length, branching, and
ring structure
o Functional groups of organic
molecules are parts involved
in chemical reactions
o Organic molecules include
relatively small monomers
and large polymers
Functional group: important
chemical group that contributes to
function of molecules by affecting
molecular shape
The 7 major functional groups are:
o Hydroxyl
o Carbonyl
o Carboxyl
o Amino
o Sulfhydryl
o Phosphate
o Methyl
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LIPIDS
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CARBOHYDRATES
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Carbohydrates are simple sugars
that contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
They are important because they
store energy in organisms and
forms the cell wall in plants
The three types of carbohydrates
are monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides
o Monosaccharides are
monomers, while
disaccharides and
polysaccharides are bigger
and are polymers
o Monomer: repeating units
that serve as building blocks
of polymer
o Polymer: long molecule
consisting of many similar or
identical building blocks
linked by covalent bonds
Carbohydrate monomers include
glucose, fructose, galactose, etc
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Triglyceride (fat): lipid
molecule with one unit of
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
(glycerol: alcohol)
Phospholipid: lipid with one
or more phosphate groups
attached; has hydrophilic
polar head and hydrophobic
nonpolar tails
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Phospholipids are used instead of
sugar to form the bilayer in plasma
membranes because they do not
dissolve
PROTEINS
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Proteins are complex
macromolecules that contain C, H,
O, N, and S
They are important because they
carry out functions such as growth
and repair, cell communication,
regulation, movement, enzymatic
activity, etc
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
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Nucleic acids are complex organic
substances in all living organisms
that contain C, H, O, N, and P
They are important because DNA
carries the code to direct structure
and function of cell and RNA carries
out protein synthesis
Nucleic acid monomers are
nucleotides, which need 5-carbon
sugars, phosphate groups, and
nitrogenous bases
Nucleic acid polymers are DNA and
RNA, which are both made up of
nucleotides
o DNA: consists of deoxyribose
sugar, phosphate group, and
nitrogen base
o RNA: consists of ribose
sugar, phosphate group, and
nitrogen base
Nitrogenous bases can either be
purines or pyrimidines
o Purine: chemical compound
with 2 rings in structure
§ Adenine (a)
§ Guanine (g)
o Pyrimidine: chemical
compound with 1 ring in
structure
§ Cytosine (c)
Thymine (T) in DNA,
uracil (u) in RNA
DNA and proteins can be used to
measure evolution because the
linear sequence of nucleotides in
DNA molecules are passed down
from parents
Using this information, a ‘molecular
genealogy’ could be created to find
a relationship with fossil and
measure evolution
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Title: Organic Molecules
Description: These notes are the for the high school student in AP Biology.
Description: These notes are the for the high school student in AP Biology.