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Analysis of woody vegetation of Corbett
National Park, India
Article in Plant Ecology · January 1995
DOI: 10
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Vegetatio 120:69-79, 1995
...


69

Analysis of woody vegetation of Corbett National Park, India
A s h o k S i n g h , V
...
R e d d y & J
...
S i n g h
Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
Accepted 8 April 1995

Key words: Basal area, Communities, Diversity, Forest, Himalaya, Phytosociology, Regeneration

Abstract

The paper presents a detailed analysis of woody forest vegetation of Corbett National Park, at the foothills of
Garhwal and Kumaun Himalaya
...
The vegetation
consists of nine community types
...
Total tree basal cover was maximum in Shorea robusta
dominated communities
...
Mallotus
philippensis, Syzygium cumini and Diospyros tomentosa showed good regeneration both in sapling and seedling
layers across the communities
...
Most of the dominant tree species exhibited significant positive relationship between tree height and
circumference at breast height in all the communities
...
This park has
also the unique distinction of being the first and the
foremost wildlife conservation centre in India and the
first national park of the country created in 1936 during the British regime of the United Provinces
...
This
park was chosen during 1973 as the venue for the inauguration of the launching of the famous project called
the 'Operation Tiger' or 'Project Tiger'
...
75 km 2,
which was later considered to be too small for species
like tiger and elephants
...
8
km 2
...
Grazing and
lopping were quite extensive in the park at the time
it came under the Project Tiger
...
Commercial exploitation of forests for timber, firewood,
bamboo and other major and minor forest products has
been stopped as well
...
So far, the vegetation of the Corbett National Park has not been studied
in quantitative terms
...


Study area

The study area lies between latitudes 29 ° 25' N to 29 °
40' N and longitudes 78 ° 45' E to 79 ° 50' E and is located in the foothills of Central Himalaya (Fig
...
Twenty
nine forest stands were selected in order to cover the
entire vegetation of the Park
...
2
...
8 km 2, is included in two districts i
...
Pauri
Garhwal (312
...
1 km 2) in the
Garhwal and Kumaun regions of north Uttar Pradesh
...
The geology of the

70
i

7~1

[,,

8101

P a u r i "~,
...
,~\Garhwal,-

r" r"

" ~ ,
...
"-

I
I

/

k,I

% lSTUDV AR'E'AI
,l

/

~-~

UTTAR

J

,"

4
...
l~,

8/
...
~

30°
SCALE
1ram = 9 kin
...
,

\'~-
...
'-~'~

PRADESH

/

27°

L
...
r-~

")

\J
Locationmap of the studyarea
...

The study area experiences subtropical monsoon
type of climate
...
3) on the basis of data
for 1982-1985
...
The nights are cold during
winter months and June is the hottest month
...
The main Ramganga valley receives
an annual rainfall of 1500 to 1600 mm
...
Thunder showers along with
hail are common during the warm months
...


Methods
The analysis of tree vegetation was done by sampling
ten 10 × 10 m quadrats in each forest stand
...
Tree saplings (> 10
...
4 cm
circumference and over 30 cm in height) and seedlings
(< 10
...
In each
quadrat the trees with > 31
...
e
...
37 m above the ground level)
were individually measured for girth
...
The
Importance value index (IVI) was determined as the
sum of the relative frequency, relative density and rel-

71

N

--

~J

D

...



...
@

MALANI

DHELA

~v

~
...
2
...


ative basal area (Curtis 1959)
...

Detrended Correspondence Analysis (Hill 1979)
was used to delineate communities on the basis of density values, in tree, sapling and seedling layers
...


Results and discussion

Vegetation composition

H = - f i (Ni/N)log2(Ni/N )
i=l

where Ni is the total number of individuals of species
i, and N is the total number of individuals of all species
in a site
...


Tree species number varied from 3 in stand 24 to 20 in
stand 27
...
Among the twenty nine forest
stands, the total tree basal cover fluctuated between
14
...
78 m 2 ha- 1 (at site 24)
...
The density of S
...
0

Community-H

360

28o

200

1
...


120

<¢
'~"

,~o

This community was also dominated by S
...
philippensis as the major subordinate species
...
Stands 23 and 24 had no saplings
...
philippensis and S
...
These two species were well
represented also as seedlings
...
3
...


(site 27) to 520 tree ha -1 (site 25) with importance
value index varying from 29 (site 20) to 179 (site 23)
...
robusta to total stand tree basal
area varied from 5
...
33 m 2 ha -1 (site
24)
...
34 cm 2 tree - l at site 9 to 6446
...
Across the sites, Bauhinia variegata showed
minimum mean basal area (80
...
09 at site 22)
...

On the basis of Detrended Correspondence Analysis, the following nine communities were recognised
(Fig
...
Each community type is named according to
the dominant species in Fig
...
Tables 1 and 2 show the
composition of tree, and sapling and seedling vegetation of these communities in terms of the most important species
...
57 m 2
ha - l , with S
...
dalbergioides and A
...
The least abundant species
were Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Bauhinia

malabarica, Holarrhena antidysenterica and Melia
azadirachta
...
In all other stands M
...
The seedling population in most sites
was dominated by S
...
philippensis and Syzygium cumini
...
robusta and
Syzygium cumini, and the total basal area was 40
...
Terminalia tomentosa was the major subordinate
species
...
M
...
cumini were
abundant as saplings
...
robusta, M
...

Community-IV
The total basal area of this community was 12
...
The chief subordinate species
was Diospyros tomentosa, while the least abundant
species were Bauhinia variegata and Cordia myxa
...
tomentosa and Aegle marmelos were abundant
as saplings and seedlings, while the dominant tree
species, Anogeissus latifolia and Acacia catechu, had
no saplings or seedlings
...
15 m 2
h a - l , was dominated by S
...
The next important
species were Adina cordifolia and Syzygium cumini,
while the least abundant species were Ougeinia dalbergioides and Ziziphus xylopyra
...
philippensis and D
...
Both the stands,
however, had an abundant seedling density with S
...
philippensis and Syzygium cumini dominating
...
robusta, Cassia fistula and Ougeinia dalbergioides
...
The least
abundant species were Holarrhena antidysenterica and
Schleichera oleosa
...
4
...
Nodum I indicates
Shorea robusta community, II Shorea robusta - Mallotus philippensis community, III Shorea robusta - Syzygium cumini community, IV
Anogeissus latifolia - Acacia catechu community, V Shorea robusta - Adina cordiJblia - Syzygium cumini community,VI Shorea robusta Cassiafistula - Ougeinia dalbergioides community,VII Shorea robusta -Anogeissus latifolia community,VIII Shorea robusta - Holarrhena
antidysenterica community,and IX Casearia tomentosa - Aegle marmelos community
...
tomentosa, seedling population was
dominated by S
...
philippensis and D
...

Community- VII
This community with a total basal area of 42
...
robusta
...

robusta, Anogeissus latifolia and Terminalia tomentosa were the other two important species
...
The sapling population was
dominated by M
...
tomentosa and H
...
philippensis, S
...

Community- VIII
The total basal area of this community, dominated by S
...
9 m 2 ha - l
...
The chief subordinate species was M
...
While the sapling population was dominated by M
...

Community-IX
This community was dominated by Casearia tomentosa and Aegle marmelos, with a total basal area of
31
...
The least abundant species was Diospyros tomentosa, Aegle marmelos and Diospyros tomenrosa were adequately represented as saplings, while
the seedling population was dominated by M
...
marmelos and D
...


The most dominant tree species across the communities was S
...
Seven out of total nine communitis were dominated by S
...
Tree densi-

74

Table 1
...

Species

Acacia catechu Willd
...

Aegle marmelos Correa
Albizia adoratissima Benth
...

Briedelia retusa Muell
...

Briedelia stipularis Muell
...

Careya arborea Roxb
...

Cassia fistula L
...

Diospyros tomentosa L
...
DC
...

Mallotusphilippensis Muell
...

Mucuna prurita Hook
...

Schleichera oleosa Oken
...
f
...
E Gaertn
...

Toona ciliata Roem
...
& S
...
7
2
...
4
1
...
5
3
...
0
1
...
1
2
...


...
8
6
...
1
0
...
4
33
...
0
28
...
3
5
...
9

...

132
...
0
7
...
3
12
...
9
4
...
5
4
...
9

III
2
...
5
6
...
3
1,5
2
...

11
...
6
7
...
7
8
...
6

...
4
52
...
6
18
...
4
10
...
2
14
...
2

...


...


...


...
2
17
...
1
17
...


...


...


...

16
...

40
...
6
34
...
8
30
...
9
2
...
5

...


...
0
8
...
1
5
...
7
12
...
3
3
...

23
...
1
55
...
7
9
...
7
14
...
1
13
...
5

VIII
-


...
0

...


7
...
5
13
...
2
4
...
5
5
...
7
41
...


...
7
36
...
4
6
...
5
108
...
0
14
...
9
29
...
6
3
...
8
9
...
2

IX
34
...
6
44
...
5
19
...
0
17
...
8
29
...
1
-

ty w a s h i g h e r in S
...
T h e r a n g e o f t h e total t r e e

in Anogeissus latifolia - Acacia catechu c o m m u n i t y

b a s a l a r e a f o r t h e p r e s e n t f o r e s t c o m m u n i t i e s is s l i g h t l y

a n d r a n g e d f r o m 197 to 7 2 8 t r e e h a - 1
...
robusta-

l o w e r t h a n that r e p o r t e d f o r u n d i s t u r b e d u p l a n d m e s i c
S i l e n t V a l l e y f o r e s t c o m m u n i t y (103 m 2 h a - l , S i n g h

dominated communities

showed higher basal cover

t h a n t h e o t h e r c o m m u n i t i e s
...
1985)
...
07 to 6 1
...
A v e r a g e v a l u e s o f total b a s a l a r e a f o r

Ordination o f communities

the different forest communities followed the order:

Shorea robusta - MaUotus philippensis c o m m u n i t y
> Shorea robusta - Syzygium cumini c o m m u n i t y >
Shorea robusta c o m m u n i t y > Shorea robusta - A d i na cordifolia - Syzygium cumini c o m m u n i t y > Shorea
r o b u s t a - Cassia f i s t u l a - Ougeinia dalbergioides c o m m u n i t y > Shorea robusta - Holarrhena antidysenterica c o m m u n i t y > Casearia tomentosa - Aegle marmelos c o m m u n i t y > Anogeissus latifolia - Acacia catechu c o m m u n i t y
...
5) a n d s e e d l i n g s (Fig
...
A c o m p a r i s o n o f F i g s
...
This indicates that either
t h e v e g e t a t i o n h a s n o t y e t s t a b i l i z e d (i
...
c o m p o s i t i o n
o f c o m m u n i t i e s m a y c h a n g e in f u t u r e ) o r t h e h o m e o static m e c h a n i s m o p e r a t e s in s u c h a w a y t h a t o l d i n d i viduals of a species are replaced by the individuals of
the same species notwithstanding the differential abund a n c e o f s p e c i e s in s a p l i n g / s e e d l i n g layer
...

of Corbett

Density

values

National

(no
...

Community

type

I

Adina cordifolia

II

III

IV

V

VI

VIII

SA


...



...



...


SE

Aegle marmelos


...



...



...


20

466
...



...



...



...



...



...


-

-

-

-

SA

8
...



...


SA


...


SE

Briedelia retusa


...


35
...



...



...



...



...


-


...



...
6


...



...



...
6


...



...



...
3

-

71
...


SA

-

-

20

-

60

SE

Diospyros tomentosa


...

56
...



...


...



...

-

Mallotus philippensis


...
4


...


SE

80

-

-

40

560

-

120

60

-

200

900

260

-

520

20

-

-


...


...



...



...



...



...



...


80


...


320

1260

160

-

40


...



...



...



...


...



...



...


-


...



...



...



...
3
30


...



...


666
...


-

100

40

13
...


200
...



...



...



...



...



...
6

80


...


SE

80

-


...
3

8

SA


...



...


-

120

680
...


-


...
3


...



...


SE

Mangifera indica

300

-

-


...
8

20

-

-

32

-

SE

-


...


SA

80
280


...
0

-


...
4
44
...


...
3


...


...


...


SE

Helicteres isora


...


24

SE

Grewia elastica

120


...



...
3

760

280


...


-


...


20


...



...



...


93
...


IX


...


VII


...


50


...


...


...


30


...



...



...


160

20

76
Table 2
...

Schleichera oleosa

SA


...


84
...



...
6

24

1920

3904

Wrightia tomentosa

SA

208
...


2390

-

24

44
...



...



...


...



...


-

-

160

-


...


...



...


320

-

-

940


...
0

-

40


...
6
80


...

60

-

2740

SE


...
3

20

SE


...



...
Tree density, total basal area, and total sapling and seedling density in nine forest communities
...
20

Total sapling density (plants ha - l )

90

248

220

426

100

380

320

1240

800

8591

7912

8300

5307

3670

5160

4780

2360

3520

Regeneration

The number of saplings and seedlings differed in different communities
...
In the study area, the overall sapling
density varied from 90 to 1240 plants ha -1 (Table 3)
...
The total seedling density ranged
from 2360 to 8591 plants ha -1 in different communities (Table 3)
...
Mallotus philippensis, Syzygium cumini, Shorea robusta
and Diospyros tomentosa showed good regeneration
potential in seedling layer across the communities
...
33

38
...
72

35
...
57

Shorea robusta - Anogeissus latifolia communities
...


16
...
19

VII
590

30
...
In
the present study, across the communities, seedling
density of Shorea robusta exhibited significant positive relation with Shorea robusta total basal cover
(r = 0
...
05)
...
875,
p < 0
...
The above relations indicate the shade
tolerande nature of Shorea robusta seedlings
...
The tree species content was higher in
Shorea robusta - Holarrhena antidysenterica community and lowest in Shorea robusta-MaUotusphilippensis community, and ranged from 8-20
...
5
...


Table 4
...

Community type

Species content

Species diversity (H)

Concentration of dominance

T
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX

SA

SE

T

SA

SE

T

SA

SE

12
8
13
10
12
12
15
20
13

1
...
6
2
...
6
1
...
5
4
...
0
7
...
2
8
...
2
11
...
0
9
...
5
10
...
0

2
...
79
3
...
92
2
...
07
2
...
64
3
...
60
0
...
94
2
...
48
1
...
97
2
...
56

2
...
67
2
...
01
2
...
40
2
...
02
3
...
2823
0
...
1528
0
...
2429
0
...
2590
0
...
1176

0
...
2800
0
...
2166
0
...
3750
0
...
2500
0
...
3344
0
...
3625
0
...
1900
0
...
2500
0
...
1400

78
250

-

200

23

17
24 •
09

o4

22

X

•

< 10o
£
...
6
...


and Casearia tomentosa - Aegle m a r m e l o s communities)
...
The species content in the vegetation followed the order: Tree layer >
seedling layer > sapling layer
...
64) and lowest
in Shorea robusta - Mallotus philippensis community
(1
...
Saxena & Singh (1982) recorded values of 0
...
27 for species diversity for certain forest communities of Kumaun Himalaya
...
06 and 5
...
Thus, the species diversity of different forest
communities in the present study is rather medium in
level
...
765, p < 0
...
979, p < 0
...
764, p < 0
...

The concentration of dominance was higher in
Shorea robusta - Mallotus philippensis community
and lower in Casearia tomentosa - A e g l e marmelos community
...
11-0
...
Whittaker (1965), Risser &
Rice (1971 ) have reported values for certain temperate
vegetation ranging between 0
...
9
...
25 to 0
...

Thus, the present values for concentration of dominance were lower than those reported for temperate
forests and higher than those for tropical forests
...

For sapling and seedling layers, species diversity was
lower and concentration of dominance was higher than
for the tree layer
...
This pattern was
apparent also in tree (r = 0
...
01), sapling
(r = 0
...
925,
p < 0
...

Whittaker (1972) stated that the dominance of one
stratum may affect the diversity of another stratum
...
491, p < 0
...
567, p < 0
...
524, non
significant for sapling, and r = -0
...
01 for
seedlings) showed significant negative relation with
total tree basal cover
...
Across the communities, seedling density showed negative relation
(r = -0
...
684, p < 0
...
Thus, an increase in tree species
number enhances the regeneration of sapling and suppresses the survival of seedlings
...
The overall range in tree
height was 10
...
7 m
...
Most of the dominant tree species, except for Anogeissus latifolia and
Holarrhena antidysenterica exhibited significant positive relationship between height and circumference
at breast height (cbh, 1
...
561-0
...
05-0
...
Terminalia tomentosa, Syzygium cumini, and Ougeinia dalbergioides showed a significant relationship between
the two parameters in some communities and a nonsignificant in others
...
Across species, the cbh was
positively related with tree height in all communities
except for Shorea robusta- Holarrhena antidysenterica community where the relationship was positive but
statistically insignificant
...
T
...
The vegetation of Wisconsin
...

Curtis, J
...
& Mclntosh, R
...
1950
...
Ecology 31:
434--455
...
O
...
TWINSPAN - A FORTRAN program for arranging
multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by classification of
the individuals and attributes
...

Knight, D
...
1975
...
Ecol
...

45: 259-284
...
A
...
Methods of vegetation study
...
Inc
...

Rawat, Y
...
& Singh, J
...
1988
...
I
...
Ann
...

62: 397--411
...
G
...
L
...
Diversity in tree species in Oklahoma upland forests
...

Saxena, A
...
& Singh, J
...
1982
...
Vegetatio 50: 3-22
...
E
...
1963
...
University of Illinois Press, Urbana
...
H
...
Measurement of diversity
...

Singh, J
...
, Singh, S
...
, Saxena, A
...
& Rawat, Y
...
1985
...
In: Chadwick, A
...
&
Sutton, S
...
(eds), Tropical rain forest: The Leeds symposium
...
K
...

Valdiya, K
...
1980
...
Wadia
Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, 291 pp
...
H
...
Dominance and diversity in land plant communities
...

Whittaker, R
...
1972
...
Taxon 21: 213-251

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