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ROCKS, RESOURCES AND SCENERY
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This geological timescale
shows when different types
of rock were formed
...


TYPE OF ROCK

EXAMPLE

IGNEOUS
ROCK

GRANITE
SEDIMENTARY
ROCK

SANDSTONE
METAMORPHIC
ROCK

SLATE

ROCKS, RESOURCES AND SCENERY
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Igneous rock
Igneous rocks are formed by magma from a volcano or the core of the Earth
...
If magma cools inside the Earth it forms intrusive rock
...

If the rock has a shorter cooling period, it will have smaller crystals
...

Example of igneous rocks
Type of
rock

Example

Basalt

Basalt
Granite

Granite

ROCKS, RESOURCES AND SCENERY
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Sedimentary rocks
Pieces of broken rock carried by a river are deposited in a lake or sea
...

Water is squeezed out of the rock and crystals, the crystals form a glue, which cements the
rocks together, this takes millions of years
...
Some examples are chalk,
limestone, sandstone and shale
...
These rocks are
heated and or put under great pressure
...

They may contain fossils; however, they are normally squeezed out of shape due to the
pressure
...


Some may just be completely
meltedinto magma and then
cools to form brand new
igneous rock
...


Igneous rocks are broken
down by weathering and
then transported down to sea
by sediment

The Rock Cycle
on the sea bed, the sediment
is turned into sedimentary
rock
...
), the
sedimentsry rock is put under
enormous amount of pressure

ROCKS, RESOURCES AND SCENERY
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ROCKS, RESOURCES AND SCENERY
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Weathering

Weathering is the disintegration or decay of rocks in their original place at or close to the
ground surface
...


Mechanical weathering, also known as physical weather, involved the disintegration/break
up of rocks without any chemical action taking place
...


Chemical weathering is things such as acidic rainwater dissolving certain rocks and minerals
such as limestone
...


ROCKS, RESOURCES AND SCENERY
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Freeze-thaw weathering
The freeze-thaw weathering process is mechanical and also known as frost shattering
...
g
...

If the air temperature drops below freezing, the water will freeze and expand by 9-10%
putting pressure on the rock
...

If this process happens repeatedly, the rock will weaken and eventually shatter into angular
fragments
...

It is most effective where the temperature fluctuates around 0°C, e
...
on north-facing high
altitude slopes in Snowdonia
...

The roots will expand, filling these cracks, thus putting pressure on the rocks
Rabbits, as an example, can burrow in weaker rocks like sand dunes
...

Unbelievably, this process is known as biological weathering
...




Layers and joints of rock peel off in sheets, much like an onion
...




This mostly occurs in desert where the temperature is fluctuating significantly
...


ROCKS, RESOURCES AND SCENERY
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Solution and Carbonation

Limestone is made of calcium carbonate
...

When carbonic acid encounters limestone and passes through joints and bedding planes,
it reacts with the rock to form calcium bicarbonate
...
This is a chemical weathering process
...

Limestone is a sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate
...

The structure of limestone is like building blocks, with joints (vertical) and bedding planes
(horizontal) separating the blocks
...

Due to the pervious nature of the rock, drainage is usually underground and can only be
seen where the limestone meets an area of impermeable rock
...


Landforms
Swallow holes or sink holes
...
g
...

Limestone pavements
...
The
blocks are called clints
...

Dry valleys
...
The streams
flow underground today, e
...
The Dry Valley of Watlowes, near Malham
...
If the roof of an underground cave system collapses due to extensive limestone
solution, it leaves a stream flowing at the base of a deep narrow valley
...
These are found when a stream flowing down a swallow hole has dissolved a large
area underground
...


Human activity
Quarrying
...
Limestone is used for building, cement and fertiliser
...
g
...

Tourism
...
Over 8 million visitors provide employment
and an important boost to the local economy, where farming has become less profitable
...
Sheep farming is common, as the soils are thin and unsuitable for any other type
of farming
...


Problems
'Honeypot' sites, such as Malham, become congested with cars and tourists, causing
conflict with the local people
...
g
...

Some tourists buy second homes,
pushing up property prices to the
point where local people can't
afford them
...


to

ROCKS, RESOURCES AND SCENERY
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CASE STUDY: CHALK IN THE SOUTH
DOWNS
Characteristics
Chalk is a sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate
...
For this reason, surface streams
(winterbournes) are only visible when the rock is saturated
...
These were eroded by fast-flowing surface streams
towards the end of the last Ice Age
...

Chalk is eroded by solution
...

Chalk forms gentle hills inland (e
...
the South Downs in southern England) and steep cliffs
at the coast (e
...
the Seven Sisters in Sussex)
...

Chalk beds are good natural aquifers (underground areas that allow storage of water due
to the porous nature of the rock)
...
Mainly sheep, racehorses and some cows are farmed
...

Settlements
...
Due to the good access to London, the
South Downs are popular as a location for commuters and retired people
...
For example, stud farms and stables are common at Epsom in Surrey
...
Chalk with flints is a strong building material used in cement manufacture
...

The particles can be transported by rivers or ice and then deposited
...
g
...

Clay collapses easily when wet (slumping) and forms gentle
landscapes, which are frequently waterlogged
...

Clay is high in nutrients and is not eroded easily
...
Clay is used to in pottery and to make bricks, and in the manufacturing of paper
...
The main land use is farming due to clay's high nutrient content and the
characteristically flat landscape, making it accessible to farm machinery
...


ROCKS, RESOURCES AND SCENERY
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People live there as the springs provide a fresh source of water
...


LONDON CHALK AQUIFER
The London Basin is an elongated, roughly triangular sedimentary basin approximately 250
kilometres long, which underlies London and a large area of south east England, south east
Anglia and the Adjacent north Sea
...

The water could become polluted and they could drain it by using too much water
...

The rocks underneath London form a basin called a syncline
...


ROCKS, RESOURCES AND SCENERY
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QUARRYING
Quarrying was first used by early settlers in Britain for building stone and extracting metals
for weapons, and continues as a primary industry that involves the extraction of rocks such
as limestone and slate
...

the landscape, which may
deter tourists
...
This
demand is linked to for the demands for new homes
in the UK
...
As a result, many remote resource, therefore it can be
rural areas benefit from improved access
...

It is an important part of the UK economy and Quarrying removes valuable
employs 30,000 people in quarrying itself and agricultural land
...

Pollution from noise and dust
...


habitats

are

How can the impacts of quarrying be reduced?
To reduce lasting visual pollution, landscaping and tree planting could take place when
the quarry is exhausted
...

Restrictions on the size of quarries and working hours could cut down on visual and noise
pollution
...

Disused quarries could be used as car parks
...

Nature reserves and conservation areas can be reinstated in the landscape when a quarry
is exhausted
...


ROCKS, RESOURCES AND SCENERY
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It provides 300 jobs in an area where jobs are hard to find
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It will also emit noise and air pollution
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Rocks were placed to hide the entrance
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Restoring Quarries

Quarries can be Restored wilt the quarry is still active
...
It can
instead take place once the quarry becomes inactive, for example, the lake at Dinton
Pastures, or Thorpe Park
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