Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Bacteria





1/100th the size of body cells
Invade cells and produce toxins
Example:
Salmonella = food poisoning,
Symptoms: fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
Reduced: most poultry vaccinate against it
Gonorrhoea = STD – sexual contact
Symptoms: painful urinating, thick yellow/green discharge
Reduced: antibiotics, barrier methods of contraception

Vaccination

How they spread






Water = drinking/bathing in dirty water
Example:
Cholera = bacterial infection spread by drinking contaminated
water
...
Some
are carried in droplets produced when you sneeze/cough
...

Example:
Athletes foot = fungus makes skin itch and flake off
...

Examples:
Malaria = protist within mosquito
Symptoms: fatal fevers
Reduced: destroying the mosquitoes, insecticides,
mosquito nets

Body Defence System







Painkillers= relieve pain
Antibiotics= kill bacteria but don’t
kill viruses
Bacteria can become resistant to
antibiotics as they can mutate which
makes them a lot harder to destroy
...

Most came from plants

Aspirin came from willow

Digitalis came from foxgloves
Testing
Preclinical testing = testing on human
cells and tissues and live animals
Test is to find out whether the drug
works, how harmful it is and the best
dosage
...

Clinical trials are blind= 2 groups
...

Double blind clinical test means the
doctor as well as the patients are blind
...
This
is so that the doctors are not influenced
by knowledge
...
Process called
phagocytosis
2nd Defence = B-lymphocytes identify a foreign
antigen and produce antibodies that bind to the
antigen
...
The lymphocyte will remember the
antibodies
for that particular antigen
...

Can be killed using insecticides or
destroy their habitat
Isolate infected individuals = isolation
prevents them from passing the
disease onto anyone else
Vaccination = so they can’t develop
the infection and the body has
antibodies prepared

Monoclonal Antibodies

Drugs




Injecting small amounts of dead/inactive pathogens
Which causes lymphocytes to produce antibodies to bind to the
antigen
 If individual catches the same disease again, the white blood cells
have the antibodies ready to produce rapidly
...
This is because tumour cells replicate themselves very rapidly
...

These can be cloned so that lots of identical cells produce identical antibodies
...
Some will
be excreted in her urine
...
At the reaction zone Y shaped antibodies will grab onto the HCG, attached
to the antibodies is a enzyme that can turn on coloured dye
...
Here more Y shaped antibodies will also attach to the
HCG, this allows the attached dye activating enzyme to create a visible pattern
...
All the unbound enzymes will
activate more dye
...


Treat diseases = cancer cells have unique antigens called tumour markers
...
An anti-cancer drug can be attached to
them
...

Disadvantages = cause more side-effects than were expected
...
g
...
So they are not as widely used as much as people thought
...
g
...
g
...
g

---