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BIOL 40B RESPIRATORY SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE (part1 of 2):

FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
- supply body w/ O2 and dispose CO2
- ATP Synthesis
- smell
- filters impurities from air
- vocalization
- maintaining body temp, heat, and blood pH

NON-RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
- smell, vocalization, maintaining body temp and blood pH

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONDUCTING ZONE AND RESPIRATORY ZONE?
- Conducting Zone: conduits for air to reach sites of gas exchange; filters,
humidifies, and, warms air
[nasal cavity --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles -->
terminal bronchioles]

- Respiratory Zone : site of gas exchange = respiratory bronchioles and
alveolar ducts (10%) and alveoli (90%)

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT (above vocal cords) : nose --> pharynx --> larynx

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT (below vocal cords) : trachea (windpipe) -->
bronchi (airways) --> lungs

FUNCTIONS OF NOSE:
- air passage
- resonating Chambers for speech
- nasal conchae cleans, warms, and moistens air - prevents dehydration
by trapping water droplets
- olfactory receptors

NASAL CAVITY:
- Roof = frontal bone
- Floor = Palatine bone (hard and soft palate)
FUNCTION OF NASAL CONCHAE:
- cleans, warms, and moistens air (prevents dehydration by trapping
water droplets)
- nasal mucosa - filters out particles like dust or lint
FUNCTIONS OF PARANASAL SINUSES:
- resonating Chambers for voice
- decrease weight of skull
- warm/moisten air
- shock absorber

MARGINS OF PHARYNX (THROAT):
- Superior = internal nares
- Inferior = Cricoid cartilage (voice box) - most inferior cartilage of larynx
THREE REGIONS OF PHARYNX:
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

FUNCTIONS OF LARYNX (Connects Laryngopharynx to trachea) :
- cough reflex (expells materiels that pass into larynx)
- swallowing: pharynx/larynx rise -> pharynx widens to receive food/drink
, larynx -> causes epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the glottis
(routing food into esophagus and out of larynx and airways)

LARYNX CARTILAGES:
- 9 CARTILAGES, all hyaline except epiglottis is elastic
- thyroid cartilage = Adam's apple
- Cricoid cartilage = ring of cartilage attached to top of trachea
- Atenoid cartilage - anchor vocal cords

VESTIBULAR FOLDS (upper) = false vocal cords
VOCAL CORDS (lower) - vibrate w/expelled air for speech
GLOTTIS = slit-like passageway between the folds

LARYNGITIS: inflammation of the larynx most often caused by respiratory
infection or irritants such as cigarette smoke

DESCRIPTION OF TRACHEA (windpipe):
- air from larynx travels 4 inches down trachea to sternal angle (disc bt
3rd and 4th thoracis verbebrae)
...

- trachea is lined with a ciliated mucus secreting, pseudostratified
columnar epithilium - cilia propel mucus (produced by goblet cells) laden with
dust particles, bacteria, and debris away from the lungs and toward the throat
where it can be expectorated or swallowed
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HOW MANY LOBES DOES EACH LUNG HAVE? :
- Right lung = 3 lobes
- left lung = 2 lobes

CARDIAC NOTCH:
- A concavity in the left lung in which the heart lies
...

WHAT TYPE OF CELL FORM THE WALLS OF THE ALVEOLI?
- Simple squamous epithelium

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES:
- wandering phagocytes that remove dust and debris within the ALVEOLI



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