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9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

Potential questions for Salters – Nuffield Scientific Article
for use with Question 7 – Paper 3

In paper 3, the last question (question 7) is based on a pre-released scientific article; a total
of 30 marks
...


(The article is provided by Pearson Edexcel Examination - June 2018)

This document consists of
• 235 potential questions each with its answer
• The questions are based on the Scientific article
• 90% of them are linked to the syllabus, thus this document can be used for revision as
well
• Includes dictionary of words (for the non-native English speakers)
• Includes definitions
• Includes a list of the topics that might be linked to each paragraph

1

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

Paragraph: 1
Glazed = Covered with a smooth, shiny coating or finish
...


Paragraph: 2
Tangled = Twisted together
Irrational = not logical or reasonable

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Dietary factors (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
3)
o Large Surface area to Volume ratio (Topic 2, Chapter: 2
...
7)
o Nervous system (Topic 8)
o Neurones and How nerve cells transmit impulses (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
3)

1
...


For the signal to be send all the way to the brain, it must pass through a synapse
...

o Ca2+ enter the presynaptic membrane (sensory neurone)
o Due to Ca2+ channels opening
o Causing vesicles to move towards and fuse with the presynaptic membrane
o This causes the release of neurotransmitters which diffuse across the synaptic gap
o The neurotransmitters bind to the receptors on the post-synaptic membrane
o This increases the depolarization so Na+ channels open
o When the threshold intensity is reached, an action potential occurs
o Thus, the signal/impulse travels along the next neuron
...


Biology A Level Tutor

Describe how a neurotransmitter is released from a brain cell when a signal comes from
the gut?
o Reference to arrival of impulse/action potential
o Calcium ion channels open in presynaptic membrane/brain cell membrane
o Calcium ions enter brain cells through diffusion down a concentration gradient
o Causing vesicles, containing neurotransmitters, to move towards/fuse with
presynaptic membrane
o Neurotransmitter is released through exocytosis

4
...


What hormone/neurotransmitters causes the feeling of pleasure?
o Dopamine
o Serotonin

6
...


What is a calorie?
o It is the traditional unit of energy content in food

8
...


Biology A Level Tutor

Which category of nutrients has the higher content of energy per gram?
o Lipids
...


10
...
How to measure energy from food?
o Calorimeter

Paragraph: 3

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Prokaryote (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
2)
o Domains (Topic 4, Chapter:4
...
1)
o Feedback mechanism (Topic 7, Chapter: 7
...
What does craving mean?
o A powerful desire for something
o In this context appetite
o A powerful desire for food e
...
chocolate

13
...
We have a mutualistic relationship with the gut flora
...

o Mutualism is defined as a relationship that benefits two organisms,
o We provide the bacteria with food, shelter and optimum temperature
o The bacteria provide humans with vitamins, aid digestions and protect us from
pathogens

15
...


16
...
Microbe structure and functions?
o Cells with no membrane-bound organelles
...

No nucleus
Circular DNA, not associated with
protein
Plasmids small rings of DNA
Cell wall
70S ribosomes
Might also have photosynthetic
membranes

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

o Mesosome (infoldings) – site of respiration
o Plasmid – survival genes, antibiotic resistance
o Capsule – for protection
o Pilli – for attachment
o Flagellum – for movement
o Cytoplasm – where chemical reactions takes place
o Cell wall – for protection and support
o Cell surface membrane – Selectively permeable
o Circular DNA – Genes and controls the cell
o Ribosome – Translation, protein synthesis

Paragraph: 4
In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o The brain (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
3)

18
...


19
...
The
cerebral hemispheres have a number of functions
...

o Think, learn, feel emotions, personality, ability to see, memory, initiate motor
activity, speech, decision making, problem solving, intelligence, controls
voluntary behavior, forming associations, ability to carry out different movement
...
What does an endocrinologist do?
o An endocrinologist specializes in treating disorders of the endocrine system
o such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, diabetes, disorders of menopause,
pituitary disorders such as growth hormone deficiency and many more
...
3)
o Prokaryote (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
2)
o The digestive system (IGCSE & Topic 2, Chapter: 2
...
Like gut flora, there is skin flora and one of its roles is to protect the body from infection
...

o Skin flora prevent growth of/kill pathogens/microorganisms/bacteria
o Competition for space/nutrients/water/minerals
o Release of chemicals/toxins/antimicrobials/lipids/enzymes

22
...
What is Asthma disease?
o A long term inflammatory disease
o Of the airways of the lungs
o Causes the lungs to have less air available for gas exchange

Also, see questions discussed above: 13 and 17

Paragraph: 6
In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Fat (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
3)
o The digestive system (Topic 2, Chapter: 2
...
6)
o Neurones and How nerve cells transmit impulses (Topic 8, Chapter:8
...
7)
7

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

24
...

o Many hormones are secreted by special glands

25
...
How do hormones relay signals to
target cells? (OR – How they cause transcription?)
o Idea that the hormone binds to receptor on membrane
o Idea of (secondary) messenger molecule
o Reference to protein (kinase) cascade
o Reference to transcription factor
o Idea that the gene is activated / mRNA synthesised / RNA polymerase involved

26
...
How are neurons connect to the brain from the gut? (sensory, relay, motor)
o Sensory neurons connected with the muscle walls of the intestine
o Then connect with relay neurones which connect with the brain

28
...
What determines our calorie needs?
o How much energy we need
o Energy is needed to maintain core temperature, looking for food, move, breath

Also, see questions discussed above: 2 and 3
8

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

Paragraph: 7
Famine = a shortage of/extreme scarcity of food

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Fat and Sugars (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
3)
o Energy balance (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
2)
o Dopamine – reward centre (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
Suggest how natural selection could have resulted in the creation of this reward
pathway
...

o Genetic Variation within a population (due to random mutations)
o An environmental change occurs (need to hunt for food, need fat to keep warm)
o Selection pressure (hunting animals, cold weather)
o A portion of this population will have an allele, that makes them more adapted to
the new conditions (an advantageous allele) e
...
a reward system (dopamine)
when eating calorie-dense foods
...
Suggest why the reward pathway evolved to prompt us to seek out food high in fat and
sugar
...

o The people that had this pathway activated, they eat more calorie-dense food,
thus had more energy/insulation available, thus, survived
...
Describe the structure of lipids
...
Sucrose is a type of sugar
...

o A carbohydrate
o A disaccharide of α-glucose and fructose
o Joined by a glycosidic link

34
...
Energy requirements have changed over the centuries due to changes in our lifestyle
...

o energy requirement increases with age up to age 18
o For both men and women
o Energy requirement decreases for older age groups (above 55)
o Energy requirement depends on activity level as well as age
o Idea that you need to compare ages with the same activity levels
o Energy requirements depend on body size
o Idea that energy requirements (BMR) depends on the number of cells to be
supplied
10

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

36
...

o Works in the brain
o Plays a major role in reward-motivated behaviour

37
...
Two sources of sugar used in foods are sucrose and high‑fructose corn syrup
...

o Glucose and fructose
o Joined by condensation reaction / water produced
o Forming a glycosidic bond/link

39
...

High‑fructose corn syrup is manufactured from starch
...

o Many glucose molecules joined by glycosidic bonds
o Amylose and amylopectin
o Amylose is linear / is unbranched / is helical / has 1,4 bonds
o Amylopectin is branched / has 1,4 and 1,6 bonds
11

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Biology A Level Tutor

40
...
Energy stores
o Fat stores
o Fat layers around the organs
o Fat layers underneath the skin

Paragraph: 8

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Dietary factors (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
3)
o Features of a good study (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
3)

42
...
Suggest why a large number of people must be involved in a study
...
There are various ways of investigating brain structure and function
...

o Identification of location
o Size of area affected
o Reference to blood vessels (oxygen supply)
o Idea of monitoring treatment

45
...

o Idea that fMRI can allow brain activity to be seen in real time
o Idea that fMRI uses radio waves/magnetic field
o Increase supply of oxygenated blood in active areas [active areas use more oxygen
thus more deoxygenated blood is produced]
o That reflects/does not absorb fMRI signals [if deoxygenated then more signal
absorbed]
o Idea of seen as a white area [area lights up or is a different colour]
o Idea of comparison with and without high calorie foods

46
...
Compare the use
of computed tomography (CT) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for studying
brain structure
...
Suggest why functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is considered better than
CT for studying brain function
...
2)
o Dietary factors (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
3)
o Gene expression and development (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
4)
o Features of a good study (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
6)
o How hormones affect cells (Topic 7, Chapter: 7
...
1)
o Brain (Topic 8)
o Brain imaging (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
7)

48
...

o

Alternative form / different form / version / variation of a gene

49
...

o

A sequence/section of DNA (nucleotide bases)

o

That code for a protein/polypeptide chain

14

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

50
...

A description that makes reference to the following:
o Transcription factor
o Binds to promotor region
o RNA polymerase binds
o mRNA to be synthesised

51
...
Epigenetic changes can modify the activation of certain genes, such as the FTO gene
...

o DNA methylation
o Histone modification

53
...
MRI might not be the best option for this,
suggest an alternative to study these differences in the brain? (Suggest how fMRI was
able to show that certain areas in the brain became more active when people see
specific food types
...
Explain the advantages of using MRI scanning to identify specific regions compared to
using CT scanning
...
fMRI scanning is another way of collecting information about the brain
...

o Increased neural activity of cerebrum
o More oxygen needed so increase in blood flow/oxyhaemoglobin
o Less radio waves/signal absorbed

56
...
Explain what is meant by the term
cardiovascular disease
...
g
...
Obesity has been linked with the development of atherosclerosis
...


In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Stomach (IGCSE)
o Dietary factors (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
6)
o How hormones affect cells (Topic 7, Chapter: 7
...
3)

58
...
Why are these differences observed (those described in question 59)?
o Because food reaches the bowel much more quickly
o Thus, faster hormone response

60
...
6)
o How hormones affect cells (Topic 7, Chapter: 7
...
3)
o Dietary factors (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
3)
o Digestion (Topic 2, Chapter: 2
...
4)

61
...
Why is it beneficial for humans?
o Is important in the movement of material through the digestive tract
o Prevents bowel cancer, heart disease and diabetes

18

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

63
...
Describe the structure of cellulose
...
3)
o Obesity (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
3)
o The brain (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
3)
o Dopamine (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
Describe how the overweight people were selected in this trial to ensure that this
investigation was valid
...
0
o Same age
o Same gender
o Same health history

65
...

o To allow comparison of the effect a diet will have on their reward system

Also, see questions discussed above on study, reward system (dopamine), brain structure
and imaging, reward pathway and dopamine
...
3)
o Habituation (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
7)

66
...
Describe the
process that occurs at a synapse that leads to habituation
...
3)
o Drug trials / Clinical Studies (Topic 4, Chapter: 4
...
7)
o Neurones (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...

20

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

Paragraph: 16

67
...

o Eating food that has the flavour and appearance of high calorie foods and easily
digested
o But in fact, are lower calories, and slowly digested versions, containing fibres
o Fibre also makes people feel full
o As you fail to get the rush of calories when eating
o Over time the reward pathway adapts
o Also eating only when hungry it would strengthen the reward pathways

Paragraph: 17

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Prokaryote (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
2)

68
...
Give reasons why bacteria, are considered less complex than eukaryotes
...
g
...

21

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

Paragraph: 18
Microbiome = The microorganisms in a particular environment
Intriguing = Arousing one’s curiosity or interest; fascinating

70
...
“Gut microbes don’t just flourish on certain diets”, what does flourish mean in this
context?
o Microbes replicate/multiply
o Microbes increase in numbers

72
...
Based on this article how to microbes control our minds?
o Change our taste buds
o Thus, change food preferences
o Produce proteins that mimic human hormones, which affect mood and craving
o Affect the production of dopamine and serotonin
o Thus, affect the response of the reward pathway
o Weaken the intestinal wall
o Thus, toxins, molecules and proteins produced from these bacteria can more
easily pass in the blood and reach the brain
...
2)
o Protein synthesis (Topic 2, Chapter: 2
...
1)
o Prokaryote (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
2)
o Hormones (Topic 7, Chapter: 7
...
6)

74
...

o When food or other substances enter the mouth, molecules interact with saliva
o and are bound to taste receptors in the oral cavity

75
...

o 70S ribosome
o Made from a large and a small subunit
o mRNA
o tRNA
o no rER present

76
...

o Reference to ribosome attaching to the mRNA, ribosome is free in the cytoplasm
of the bacterium
o tRNAs carry a specific amino acid
o Idea of anicodon-codon interaction/ complementary base pairing between tRNA
and mRNA
o Formation of hydrogen bonds between the tRNA and mRNA
23

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

o Reference to peptide bond between amino acids
o Peptide bond formed by a condensation reaction
o Idea that tRNA released from mRNA/ribosome
o Idea that ribosome attaches to/detaches from sequence on mRNA

77
...
Describe how amino acids join together to form
the three-dimensional structure of a protein
...


Paragraph: 20
Interventions = Action taken to improve a medical disorder
Probiotics = A microorganism introduced into the body for its beneficial qualities

78
...
g
...
What are probiotics?
o Are live microorganisms that help prevent or treat some illnesses

24

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

80
...
Why would a varied diet make it harder for one type of bacterium to flourish and exert
control?
o Because no one food would be dominant in the diet
o No one bacterium will be benefited
o So, there will be no one bacterium outcompeting the rest
o So, the gut flora will be balanced

82
...
3)
o Prokaryote (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
2)

25

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

83
...
Describe why bacteria, do not need a specialised gar exchange surface
...
3)
o Hormones (Topic 7, Chapter: 7
...
3)
o Animal ethics (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


Paragraph: 23

85
...
Why should studies be randomized?
o To remove bias
o Accuracy /reliability
26

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

87
...


Paragraph: 24
Cabal = A secret intrigue

88
...

o Food craving/selection is not determined by willpower
o But by hormone levels
o By the microbiome of the individuals gut flora
o By the proteins produce by the bacteria
o By the effect the gut flora has on the permeability of the intestinal wall

Paragraph: 25
Lilliputian = Very small
Midshipmen = A naval cadet in the US navy (the article here means the bacteria introduced in
the navy)

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Depression (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
Suggest what might cause depression?
o Low levels or lack of serotonin
o Low levels or lack of dopamine

90
...

o Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
o Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
27

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

Paragraph: 26
Edible = Fit to be eaten; consumable
Stave it off = To stop something bad from happening

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Prokaryote (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
2)
o Bacteria structure (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
3)
o Animal ethics (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
7)

91
...
Coli Gram positive or negative?
o It is Gram negative

92
...
Give the name of the type of enzyme that would be used to insert the gene into the
DNA of the bacterium
o Ligase/ Integrase

94
...

o Transcription of DNA to mRNA
o Translation of mRNA/ protein synthesis on ribosomes

28

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

95
...
OR Describe how a bacterium can be genetically modified
...
g
...
Describe two risks associated with the use of genetically modified organisms
o Idea of consequence of transfer e
...
resistance to antibiotics, super bacteria
o Idea of possible harmful effects from genes e
...
biochemical changes to
substances that could act as allergens, long term effects
...
g
...
1)
o Gene expression and development (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
4)
o Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
2)
o Genetically modified organisms (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


29

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

Paragraph: 28

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Obesity (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
1)
o Bacteria structure (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
7)

97
...
Suggest what is meant by the term genetically engineered
...
1)
o Bacteria structure (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
7)

Also, see questions in other section of this report: e
...
for the microbiome, for genetically
engineered microorganisms
...
3)
o Prokaryote (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
2)
o Immune response (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
6)
o How nerve cells transmit impulses (Topic 8, Chapter:8
...
1)
o The brain (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
When a nerve impulse reaches a synapse, calcium ions enter the neurone through the
pre-synaptic membrane
...
Describe and explain the sequence of events that occurs at the synapse, after
a neurotransmitter has been released
...
g
...


Biology A Level Tutor

Describe how infection with a bacterium results in the production of plasma cells
o Reference to humoral immune response
o Reference to phagocytosis by phagocytes
o Reference to macrophages as antigen presenting cells (APCs) to T helper cells
o Reference to B cells as antigen presenting cells (APCs) to itself
o Idea that T helper cells release cytokines for B cell activation/stimulation
o Idea of B cells forming clones/dividing to form B effector cells
o Reference to differentiation of B cells into plasma cell/formation of plasma cells
from B cell subsequent to cloning

101
...

o Reference to opsonisation/antibodies bind to bacteria
o As a result, enhancing phagocytosis
o Reference to immobilisation of bacteria
o Idea of antibodies neutralising toxins

102
...

o Reference to lysozyme is an enzyme
o Idea that proteins/active sites/enzymes have a specific shape
o Idea that lysozyme acts on cell wall
o Of bacteria

103
...
Callum's family has a history of strokes
...

o Idea of reduced blood flor/bleeding
o Less/no oxygen/glucose reaches brain
o Idea of less/no aerobic respiration
o Idea of less/no ATP produced
o Idea that brain needs lots of energy/ATP to function
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o Lactic acid produced from anaerobic respiration
o Lactic acid inhibits enzymes/toxic

104
...

o Phospholipid bilayer
o Idea of its hydrophobic properties inhibit movement of ions across membrane
o Na+ gated channel present
o To allow Na+ to enter during depolarisation/to open when local currents occur
o K+ channels
o To allow K+ to diffuse
o Sodium-potassium pump
o To export Na+ /import K+
o Role of pump in neurone membrane
o Idea that only parts of the membrane may be involved e
...
nodes of Ranvier
(salutatory condition)

105
...
g
...


How can bacteria cells in the gut affect all those responses listed in paragraph 30
...

33

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

Tweak = Twist or pull sharply

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Prokaryote (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
2)
o Neurones (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
3)

107
...
3)
o Energy balance and from food - calories (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
3)
o Digestion (Topic 2, Chapter: 2
...
1)
o Bacteria structure (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
3)
o Neurones (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
3)
o Depression (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


Biology A Level Tutor

What is inflammation?
o Response of body tissues to harmful stimuli in this case damaged cells
o Vasodilation: leads to greater blood flow to the area, resulting in redness and
heat
...

o Fluid, proteins, red blood cells, and white blood cells escape from the blood
vessels and leak out

109
...

o Reference to (accumulation of) white blood cells in (damaged area)
o Build-up of cholesterol in damaged area
o Reference to build up of calcium salts / fibrous tissue / fibrin / platelets
o Reference to formation of atheroma / plaque
o Reference to loss of elasticity (of artery) / narrowing of lumen
o Idea that this process is self–perpetuating

110
...


State the levels of organisation:
o Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

112
...

o Organ has many functions and the tissue has one
o Organ gas many/several cell types/tissues, tissues has one/fewer cell types

113
...

o both have cells working together /for same function
35

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

114
...

o Reference to ribosome attaching to the mRNA
o Idea that tRNA carries an amino acid
o Idea of anticodon-codon interaction between tRNA and mRNA
o Formation of hydrogen bonds between tRNA and mRNA
o Formation of hydrogen bonds between tRNA and mRNA
o Reference to peptide bonds between amino acids
o Peptide bonds formed by a condensation reaction
o Idea that tRNA released from mRNA/ribosome
o Idea that ribosome attaches to or detaches from the mRNA sequence

115
...
Describe how amino acids join together to

form the three-dimensional structure of a protein
...


Lysozyme is one component of the non-specific response to infection
...

o Response that is effective against wide range of infectious agents
o Does not involve recognition of infectious agent
o Does not react to specific antigens

Also, see questions given in other sections on obesity, immune system, phagocytic cells,
microbiota etc
...
1)
o Bacteria structure (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
6)
o Genetically modified organisms (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


Describe the ethical issues concerning the use of animals in research
...


Suggest two reasons why some people might have objections to the use of rats in

this investigation
...


Scientist are encouraged to use non-animal alternatives in their research
...

o Tissue Culture/ Computer modelling
o More ethical/ no animals harmed

120
...


Biology A Level Tutor

Why not humans?
o Unethical
o More complex organisms

122
...

o Control genetic make-up as humans have genetic variation
o Unethical to carry out research in humans
o Larger sample size can be used
o Test effectiveness of treatment
o Observe results in a control environment

Also, see questions given in other sections of the report on bacteria structure, function and
genetic engineering
...
1)
o Bacteria structure (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
3)
o Antibiotics (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
6)
o Genetically modified organisms (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


There are two categories of antibiotics: bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic
...

o Bacteriocidal  reference to death/killing/destroying of the bacteria cells by
causing them to burst
o Bacteriostatic  reference to cells not being able to reproduce/increase in
number/produce new cells/multiply/replicate; no cell division taking place

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9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

124
...

o

Antibiotics reduce the number of other (species of) bacteria

o Antibiotics that attack cell walls cause lysis / are bactericidal
o Antibiotics that attack protein synthesis (machinery) prevent growth / are
bacteriostatic
o This reduces interspecific competition from other bacteria for limited resources

125
...


An example of an antibiotic is penicillin
...
Beta lactams block the cross-linking of peptidoglycans involved in the
formation of the bacterial cell wall
...

o Weakened cell wall
o Osmotic lysis
o Failure to synthesis new cell wall
o Prevents cell replication
127
...
Coli strain is introduced into humans the drugs must be FDA approved
...

o Phase I (small) number of healthy individuals tested
o Phase II small number of patients tested
o Phase III large number of patients tested
o Phase II or III idea of placebo / double blind trial

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Biology A Level Tutor

Paragraph: 35

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Prokaryote (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
2)
o Genetically modified organisms (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


When scientists genetically modify a bacterium to contain a useful gene they need

to consider whether there are any safety issues that would need to be taken into
account
...
1)
o Cancer (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
2)
o Specific immunity (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
6)
o Genetically modified organisms (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease
...
Explain how an immune
response can take place that destroys only one type of cell
...


Biology A Level Tutor

Why is Cancer, a disease more common with old age?
o Accumulation of mutations over the years
o Accumulation of mutations due to exposure to mutagens over the year
o Lose expression of genes (deactivation) important in the cell cycle regulation (due
to epigenetic changes – environment)

131
...

o Oncogenes
o Tumour suppressor genes

132
...

o A malignant growth or tumour resulting from an uncontrolled division of cells

133
...

o Lifestyle/environmental factors
o Such as carcinogens
o Such as diet/obesity/inactivity
o Such as infections/gut flora abnormalities
o Genes may make it more likely

134
...

o Shorter growth or G phase/ shorter interphase
o Shorter/faster cycle
o Idea of usual controls (checkpoints) not working thus cell divides uncontrollably
o Cells do not become specialised

135
...


Biology A Level Tutor

What are neurological disorders?
o Diseases of the brain, spinal cord and nerves

Paragraph: 37
Deploy = Bring into effective action

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Obesity (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
3)

137
...

o Idea more blood flows near the skin surface
o Due to vasodilation/dilation of arterioles
o Vasoconstriction of shunt vessels
o More blood to capillaries
o Idea of more heat lost
o Via radiation

138
...

o Heat energy from the blood in the capillaries
o Is absorbed by sweat
o Which is used to break H-bonds in the water (of the sweat)
o Reference to latent heat
o So water evaporates
o Taking heat from the body

139
...
A Stroke

affects arteries leading to the brain
...

o Idea of reduced blood flow/bleeding
o Less/no oxygen/glucose reaches the brain
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Biology A Level Tutor

o Idea of less/no aerobic respiration
o Idea of less/no ATP produced
o Idea that brain needs lots of energy/ATP to function
o Lactic acid produced from anaerobic respiration
o Lactic acid inhibits enzymes/toxic

140
...


What is the benefit of increasing fat?
o More insulation
o Thus, more protection from heat loss
o More energy stored
o Can tolerate more lack of food or demanding activities

Paragraph: 39

142
...
g
...
2)
o Gene expression and development (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
4)
o Prokaryote (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...


Biology A Level Tutor

Define microbiota
...


Define microbiome
...


How do microbes communicate with the nervous system?
o They produce proteins that mimic neurotransmitters

146
...


Give one difference between an organ and a tissue
...


Suggest one way in which tissues and organs are similar
...


What makes any neurotransmitter release to be short lived?
o Reuptake molecules cause the absorption of dopamine to the pre-synaptic
membrane
o Enzymes (monoamine oxidase) causes the breakdown of neurotransmitters

Paragraph: 41
Hunched = Arch; hump

150
...


Biology A Level Tutor

What is a neurochemical?
o A small organic molecule or peptide
o That participates in neural activity
...


Paragraph: 42
Paltry = Very small

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o DNA (Topic 2, Chapter: 2
...
3)
o DNA profiling (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...


The first part of the study involved the amplification of DNA to give large enough

samples for analysis
...

o Reference to polymerase chain reaction/PCR
o Polymerase enzyme added
o Idea of need for primers and nucleotides
o 90-98oC, then 50-65 oC, then 70-75 oC
o Idea that cycle needs to be repeated several times/to make several copies of DNA

153
...

o DNA profiling/fingerprinting/gel electrophoresis

154
...


Biology A Level Tutor

Describe how DNA is organised in a bacterial cell
...


A small sample of DNA was taken from each species of bacterium
...
Describe how a DNA profile was produced from this small sample of DNA
...
e
...


Suggest how these DNA profiles were compared
...


Explain what is meant by the Human Microbiome Project
...


Define toxic?
o Poisonous substance

Also, see questions in other sections in regard to genes
...
1)
o How nerve cells transmit impulses (Topic 8, Chapter:8
...
3)
o Dopamine (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


Name a drug treatment for depression that maintains high levels of serotonin
...


“A group in Norway examined faeces from 55 people and found certain bacteria

were more likely to be associated with depressive patients”
...
Suggest the additional detail needed to have confidence on the validity
of this conclusion?
o Idea of sample size (repeats)
o Controlling gender/ age
o Controlling quantity and type of smoke

162
...
Explain why exercise could have a similar effect to having these
bacteria
...


Biology A Level Tutor

Paragraph 43 states that certain gut microorganisms secrete chemicals that are

similar to dopamine
...

o Bacteria produce dopamine like chemical which have the same effect
o Thus, increase the levels of dopamine
o Dopamine binds/attaches to receptors in postsynaptic membrane
o Depolarisation of postsynaptic membrane
o Generation of action potentials/nerve impulses

164
...
Describe the differences in the structure of a myelinated
sensory neurone and a myelinated motor neurone
o In sensory neurone:
o The dendron is longer
o The dendron is myelinated
o The axon is shorter
o Cell body not at the end but towards the middle
o Reference to no motor end plate being present

165
...
It is kept at optimum level to maintain a feeling of

well-being
...

Explain how the level of activity of these enzymes, in this metabolic pathway, will
ensure that optimum levels of serotonin are maintained
...


Biology A Level Tutor

Drugs called selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to reduce

depression
...
Explain
how SSRIs help to maintain a feeling of well-being
...


Suggest what kind of protein might be produced by bacteria that cause dopamine to

decrease and thus lead to depression
...


Describe how the DNA and protein of the bacteria of depressive people could be

compared with the DNA and protein of non-depressive people
...


List the different diseases/disorders that have been linked with gastrointestinal

abnormalities and effectively with gut flora
...


171
...


o

Anxiety

o

Depression

o

Autism

o

Hyperactivity

o

Stress

o

Mood changes

o

Obesity thus CVDs (stroke)

o

Inflammation

Would microbial transplant elicit an immune response?
o

No

o

Because they are transplanted in the intestine

o

Which already contains millions of bacteria

o

And does not come into direct contact with large numbers of WBCs

What are the benefits of less invasive procedures?
o

Less blood loss

o

Less cost

o

Less nurses/doctors needed

o

Less anaesthetic

o

Less risk of infection

Bacteria cause gastrointestinal abnormalities
...
Devise a
suitable procedure for the incubation of enterobacteria in a hospital laboratory
...


The funding comes from the National Institute of Mental Health, which is supported

from the government and from charities
...

o Reference to bias
o Probiotic companies may have an interest in showing a strong link

Paragraph: 46
Forlorn = Pitifully sad and abandoned or lonely

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Animal ethics (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


Suggest why the unit of measure for this forced-swim test is called behavioural

despair?
o Because the mice show despair
o After releasing they cannot touch the bottom or reach the top
o Thus, give up and float till they die

175
...
Suggest what is

meant by the term absolutism
...


Biology A Level Tutor

There is an alternative to absolutism
...
Suggest the opinion a relativist would have with regard
to using animals in research
...


177
...
(3 marks)

178
...

o

people involved in animal research: idea of being able to (fully)
understand

o

the science / recognise what is possible benefits / risks / judge in an
informed manner

o

people not involved in animal research: idea of giving a balanced
/alternative / wider / named view

Paragraph: 47
Infused = Instil in someone

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Binomial system – Scientific names (Topic 4, Chapter: 4
...
6)

179
...
”
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Biology A Level Tutor

o Molecules in these drugs mimic GABA
o Have the same shape as GABA
o Thus, fit into the GABA receptors
o And elicit the same responds
Or
o The receptor has a unique primary / tertiary structure
o That gives the receptor molecule a specific shape / binding site
o That is complementary to the insulin molecule

180
...


How does an inhibitory neurotransmitter work?
o Inhibitory neurotransmitter is released at the synapses
o It opens channels of chloride ions and potassium ions in the postsynaptic
membrane
o These ions will then move through the channels down their diffusion gradients
o Chloride ions will move into the cell carrying a negative charge
o And positive ions will move out carrying a positive charge
o The results will be a greater potential difference across the membrane as the
inside becomes more negative than usual
o Called hyperpolarisation
o This makes subsequent depolarisation less likely

182
...
What does this name

indicate? And why is it used? (paragraph 47)
...

183
...


Explain the results of the experiment described in paragraph 48
...
1)
o Bacteria structure (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
3)
o Immune response (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
3)
o HIV (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
1)
o The brain (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


Biology A Level Tutor

“the immune system’s typical response to germs
...
Explain the
meaning of each of the following terms:
Phagocytosis:
o idea of binding of bacteria/antigen to phagocytic cell
o Idea that bacteria is engulfed by/taken into/endocytosis into phagocytic cell
o Idea of bacteria being inside a vacuole phagosome
Non-specific response:
o idea that the body reacts/defends itself/responds to a bacterium
o Idea that the response is not dependent on the specific bacteria
o Credit named reaction e
...
lysozymes, inflammation, phagocytosis
Infection:
o reference to bacteria
o Being inside tissues or cells

186
...
It then divides to form

a clone of cells
...
Describe how a B cell is activated
...


List the different types of immune cells?
o Phagocytes
o Macrophages
o Neutrophils
o Lymphocytes
o B cell
o T helper cell
o T killer cell

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9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

188
...


Function of macrophages
...


190
...
What is the function of T killer cells?
o Destroy body cells that have foreign proteins on their surface
o i
...
infected cells from viruses/microbes

191
...


How macrophages became APC cells
o When they encounter a microbe they grow cytoplasmic extensions called
pseudopodia
o The microbe is enclosed in a vacuole (phagosome)
o The phagosome fuses with the lysosome (phagolysosome)
o Antigens are reserved and picked up by the MHC proteins
56

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

o The MHC-complex moves to the cell surface membrane
o Thus, macrophages become into antigen presenting cells
...


Macrophage is a type of phagocyte
...

o Refer to phagocytosis/ engulfing
o By formation of pseudopodia/ membrane extensions around the bacteria
o And enclose the bacterium inside a vacuole called phagosome (which then fuses
with lysosomes and it is now called phagolysosome)

194
...
Describe the three-dimensional

structure of a glycoprotein
...


Describe how the enzymes shown in the diagram are involved in HIV infection
...


Explain how the glycoprotein enables HIV to infect human cells
...


Describe how the process of phagocytosis leads to the destruction of bacteria
...


Paragraph: 50
Unwieldy = difficult to move because of its size, shape or weight
Controversial = Giving rise or likely to give rise to controversy or public disagreement

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Dopamine (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
7)

198
...
An imbalance of serotonin can lead to depression
...

Describe how low serotonin levels can affect the transmission of impulses in the brain
...


Suggest what does psychoneuroimmunology mean?
o The study of the effect of the mind on health and
o Resistance to disease

200
...


Paragraph: 51
Paradox = Contradiction
Ramped up = Increase the level or amount of something sharply

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o How to prevent infections (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
3)
o Animal ethics (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


59

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

Paragraph: 52
Barren = Too poor to produce much or any vegetation
Filigreed = Ornamented with or resembling filigree work

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Antibiotics experiment (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
2)
o See the bacteria experiments (Core practical 9 and 15)

201
...

o Ensure even distribution of the medium with no bubbles
o Allow the plate to solidify

202
...


Why did they use a control?
o To compare the results
o Apart from the stress hormone all other factors were the same
o Thus, increased confidence that the change is truly caused by the addition of the
stress hormone

204
...

o Use same concentration/volume of norepinephrine
...

The same person should be carrying out the spreading every time
...

o Having good aseptic technique to prevent plate contamination
o Accuracy of incubation temperature and time
o Keep all variables constant

205
...
5ml)

Same bacterial strain (as they have

e
...
E
...


Describe aseptic techniques
...
This is to create an updraft of air away from
it
...

o No talking, eating or drinking in the lab
...
Wear lab coats and
gloves
...

o Sterilise equipment by immersing it in alcohol and then heating it in a Bunsen
burner
...

o Dispose of all used pipettes, petri dishes and equipment that came in contact with
bacteria in trays containing disinfectant
...


207
...
5cm3 of bacterial broth into a sterile Petri dish

o

using aseptic technique
...


o

Place the used pipette into a beaker with disinfectant
...


o

Spread the streak left to right moving from the top to the bottom

o

Rotate the plate and repeat

o

Repeat 3 times

Paragraph: 53
Ledge = A narrow horizontal surface projecting from a surface
Venture = A risky or daring journey or undertaking

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Prokaryote (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
3)
o Bacteria structure (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
3)
o How to prevent infections (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
6)

62

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

208
...

o Better model than mice
o Idea of animal rights
o Easy to culture
o Cheaper (continual supply)

Also, see questions given in other sections of this report on Animal welfare/rights, on genus
nomenclature, on controls and studies
...
3)
o Animal ethics (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


Paragraph: 55
Conceptual = Relating or based on mental concepts
Prominent = Important; Famous
Spit take = An act of suddenly spitting out liquid

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Stress (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
3)
o Dietary factors (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
1)
o Domains (Topic 4, Chapter:4
...
2)
o Animal ethics (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


How can researchers, like Lyte, make their results public known?
o Internet / TV
o Newspaper
o Medical/ Scientific journal
o Conferences

210
...

o Scientific/peer reviewed papers/journals/magazines/articles
o Scientific conferences/lecture/forums
o Media reports (TV, radio, newspaper, internet)

211
...

o Idea of work appearing in a scientific journal or being presented at a conference
o Idea that validity or reliability is considered
o By other scientists/reference to peer review

See questions given in other sections of this report on bacteria, studies, diets
...
7)

See the questions given in other sections of this report on antibiotics
...


Paragraph: 58
Implausible = Unlikely; Not seeming reasonable or probable
Validation = The action of checking or proving the validity or accuracy of something

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Antibiotics (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
6)

212
...


Paragraph: 59
Paradigm = A typical example or pattern of something
Inadvertently = Without intention; accidentally
Speculation = The forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Prokaryote (Topic 3, Chapter: 3
...
2)
o The brain (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


Biology A Level Tutor

Distinguish between the terms causation and correlation, to explain the problem

with someone inadvertently dropping a question mark at the end of the sentence “Gut
Microbes and the Brain: Paradigm shift in Neuroscience”
o Causation: when a change in one variable is responsible for a change in another
variable
o Correlation: (relationship between two variables such that) a change in one of the
variables is reflected by a change in the other variable
o By omitting the question mark then the title suggest that the article talks about
causation when in fact it talks about correlation

214
...


Define correlation?
o When a change in on variable is accompanied by a change in another variable

Paragraph: 60
Provocative = Causing anger; irritating
Mollified = Appease the anger/anxiety of someone

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Features of a good study (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
1)
o Bacteria structure (Topic 6, Chapter: 6
...
3)
o Correlation Vs Causation

216
...
e
...


Paragraph: 61
Compromised = Settle a dispute by mutual concession
Seeped = Leak slowly through porous material

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Features of a good study (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
3)

217
...


What does permeability mean?
o The quantity of molecules that can pass
o Through a barrier

219
...
Explain how phospholipids form
a cell surface membrane
...


Biology A Level Tutor

What is the blood-brain barriers?
o A semipermeable membrane
o Separating the blood from the cerebrospinal fluid,
o Thus, a barrier to the passage of cells, particles, and large molecules
...
3)
o Studies (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
4)
o The brain (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...
3)

221
...
Suggest how natural selection could have resulted
in this
...


68

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

Biology A Level Tutor

Paragraph: 63
Startling = Very surprising
Subtle = Delicate; Capable of making fine distinctions
Infancy = Early stages in the development

In this paragraph you may be asked questions from the following topics:
o Features of a good study (Topic 1, Chapter: 1
...
3)
o Drug trials / Clinical Studies (Topic 4, Chapter: 4
...
3)
o Brain imaging (Topic 8, Chapter: 8
...


These disorders maybe can be prevented by vaccination
...

o Idea of dead/attenuated organisms/pathogen/bacterium put into person
o Reference to stimulation of specific/primary immune response
o Credit details of T helper cell activation (macrophages as APCs)
o Credit details of B cell activation (involvement of cytokines, B cells as APCs)
o Credit details of T killer cell activation (involvement of cytokines, infected cells as
APCs)
o Reference to production of memory cells

223
...

o The fecal transplant is first tested on {animals / tissues / models} before humans
o (Phase 1) testing on healthy human volunteers to check for side effects
o Idea of different doses tested

224
...
A

double-blind trial is used to compare the effectiveness of this treatment with old
treatments
...

o Neither patients nor doctors know which treatment the patients were given
...


Biology A Level Tutor

Faecal microbiota treatments have been used to treat neurological disorders
...

State what is meant by the term placebo
...
g
...


Faecal microbiota treatments have been used to treat neurological disorders
...

Explain why placebos are used?
o Inactive substance
o Idea that it is used as a control
o Idea of psychological effect of taking either a drug or a placebo

227
...
Explain ways

the design of the trials could be improved in order to increase confidence in the results
...


Explain the following sentence: ‘We really need a lot more research done before we

actually have people trying therapies out
...


The article suggests that there is a relationship between gut microbe and changes in

behaviour
...

o Idea that transplanting faeces changes behaviour or the outlook of particular
diseases

General:

230
...


Biology A Level Tutor

How to write a proper reference?
o Authors (Last name
...

o e
...
Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG,
Bienenstock J, Cryan JF
...


How can you improve the bibliography?
o More references
o Articles from scientific journals
o Websites
o Scientific books

233
...


234
...

o It already has the following:
▪

the author of the page,

▪

the name of the website,

▪

the title of the article,

▪

the publication date,
72

9BN0/03 – Article potential questions

o

Biology A Level Tutor

Example: e
...
"Last name, first name (or name of the website, if no author
available), "Title of article
...


235
...
coli produce the enzyme β-galactosidase, that breaks down lactose into glucose
and galactose
...
Due to the presence of the repressor the RNA
polymerase cannot bind, thus the gene β-galactosidase is not expressed
...


http://www
...
ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-23/CB23
...
youtube

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