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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMETN
FEATURES

LIFE STAGES

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

INFANCY:0-2 YEARS

ATTACHMENT: Bowlby (1953) argued that infants have an

EARLY CHILDHOOD: 3-8 YEARS

UNDERSTANDING SELF & OTHERS: Children use their

ADOLESCENE: 9-18 YEARS

IDENTITY: During adolescence, this sense of self continues to

EARLY & MIDDLE ADULTHOOD:
19-65 YEARS

INTIMACY: In adulthood, an individuals’ self-esteem is

LATER ADULTHOOD: 65+ YEARS

MAKING SENSE OF YOUR LIFE:

inbuilt need to form an attachment with a carer
...
Salter Ainsworth et al (1978) and Marris (1996) argue that
the quality of our early attachment influences the assumptions we
make about ourself and others
...
Infants who are insecurely attached may have a
reduced ability to cope with stress and major life events
...
Children begin to imagine a ‘me’, an idea of self or selfconcept
...
The way a
child gets on with teachers and friends may influence their selfconfidence
...
An adolescent needs to develop a secure self-concept
...
This may be a stressful time as self-esteem may
depend on developing identity
...
Self-image
is affected by personal appearance and how others see you
...
This may involve not being too selfcentred or
defensive and not becoming emotionally isolated
...
People who fail to make sense of
their lives might experience emotional despair
...
Caregivers are the secure base from which children explore
the world around them
...
It is important that parents ensure that children have the physical,
mental and emotional nourishment to develop healthily
...
If there
is a lack of a healthy attachment, then a mistrust of care givers or adults in authority
could develop
...
Children may not develop the secure base
necessary to cope with life events
...
His attachment theory originated during
the 1930s
...
Bowlby
linked the importance of social, emotional and cognitive development to the
relationship that the child had with their mother
...
This led Bowlby to consider problems associated
with early separation from the primary caregiver
...
The child’s distress and anxiety did not
disappear even when they were being fed by another carer
...
According to Bowlby, infants have a universal need to seek
close proximity with their caregiver when under stress or feeling threatened
...
Rutter argues that maternal
deprivation in itself may not result in long-term problems
...
Privation happens when children have not had the
opportunity to form attachments or have poor quality attachments caused by a lack of
social or intellectual stimulation
...
You can read more
about the nature/nurture argument later in this unit
...
This is not necessarily the person
they spend the most time with
...
The most important factor in forming
attachments, therefore, is not the adult who feeds and changes
the baby but the adult who plays and communicates with
them
...


3 MONTHS YP TO 7 MONTHS

Infants can distinguish the difference between their main
caregiver and other people
...


7 MOTNHS UP TO 9 MONTHS

This is when the infant looks to particular people for security,
comfort and protection
...
Some
infants are more likely to display fear of strangers and
stranger anxiety than others
...


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Prematurity – if a premature baby is in an incubator, they cannot be picked up and held
...

Post-natal depression (PND) –some mothers are depressed after birth, but PND lasts longer and
may affect a mother’s ability to bond with her baby
...
g
...
This can impact on a baby’s sense of identity
...

Emotional unavailability – may be due to parents having problems with alcohol or drug abuse,
illness or generally struggling with their role
...
Some babies with disabilities may experience difficulty forming attachments
...
Self-esteem
involves both self-confidence and self-acceptance
...
Children who have
high self-esteem have an easier time in relationships, resisting peer pressure,
making friends and handling conflicts
...
Babies
and infants can achieve a growing sense of self and a positive self-esteem
through the attachments which they develop with their main caregivers
...

 Parents and carers can help to foster a child’s self-esteem by teaching problem-solving skills
...

 Parents can also encourage young children to accept failure and the success of their child and see it as a
learning experience and not as something negative
...
These children have difficulty
dealing with problems, are very self critical and speak negatively about themselves
...
g
...


 Some children could be face stress at home by sibling rivalry or parents arguing
...
They can become easily frustrated and
see temporary problems as permanent issues
...
This is a period when young people can learn from their own mistakes and take
responsibility for their own actions
...
Many teenagers become overly concerned about their physical
appearance and worried for their acceptance
...
Young people who have a poor body image, who think they are fat, not pretty enough or not
muscular, enough, can experience low self-esteem
...
g
...
Other factors include refusing to
go to school, depression and thoughts of suicide
...

In adulthood, the factors that impact on self-esteem may change
...


Definitions and factors involved in developing positive or
negative self-image
Self-image is the mental picture, a personal view that an individual has of
themselves
...


 Self-image is determined in early childhood by the quality of social interaction and
the influence of parents or care-givers
...
If a parent
either ignores a child or constantly makes negative comments then this can impact on
the child and begins to see/think about themselves negative
...
g
...

 During adolescence, physical appearance becomes particularly important because
young people have to come to terms with changes in their body shape and sometimes
unwanted physical characteristics, such as acne
...
Self-image is more than what
an individual looks like or how other people see the individual
...
A negative body
image can lead to psychological problems including anxiety, eating disorders,
depression and a negative feeling of self-worth
...
These influence how others
see us and how we define ourselves
...
Life events, roles and status influence personal
traits that can also be an important part of self-image
...


Understanding meaning of self-image is very important
because it explains how an individual thinks about themselves
and how they interact with other people and the world around
them
...




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