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Matter is the form of five basic elements the Panch tatva – air , earth ,fire , sky and
water
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Vacant spaces exist in particles
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Particles are held together by forces of attraction
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1 Define matter
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2 What happens if you put copper sulphate crystals in water?
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9 to 1
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(i) SOLID
(ii) LIQUID
Fixed shape and
definite volume
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Inter particle distances
are smallest
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Inter particle distances
are larger
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Incompressible
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Highly compressible
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solids and diffuse
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than solids
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packed
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Inter particle forces of
attraction are weakest
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(iv) Plasma (non –evaluative)
A plasma is an ionized gas
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Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite
volume
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Ionized gas
(v) Bose-Einstein condensate (non –evaluative)
A BEC is a state of matter that can arise at very low
temperatures
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The BEC is all about molecules that are really close to each
other (even closer than atoms in a solid)
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Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Solids
Solids have a definite shape and a
definite volume because the
particles are locked into place
Solids do not flow easily because
the particles cannot move/slide
past one another
Solids are not easily compressible
because there is little free space
between particles
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Liquids
Liquids are not easily compressible
and have a definite volume because
there is little free space between
particles
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Liquids flow easily because the
particles can move/slide past
one another
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Gases have an indefinite shape
and an indefinite volume because
the particles can move past one
another
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Plasmas are easily compressible
because there is a great deal of
free space between particles
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Particles are literally
indistinguishable because they
are locked into same space
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Q
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Q
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(a) Milk (b) Salt (c) Oxygen
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3 A substance has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume
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Q
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Predict its physical
state
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3
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12 to 1
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Sublimation : The changing of solid directly into vapours on heating & vapours into solid on
cooling
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Ammonium chloride , camphor & iodine
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On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases
which overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles thereby solid melts
and is converted to a liquid
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The melting point of ice is 273
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The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also known as
fusion
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Applying
pressure and reducing temperature can liquefy gases
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Solid CO2 gets converted
directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere without coming
into liquid state
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Latent Heat :
The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules during
change of state
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Fusion
Heat energy required to change
1kg of solid into liquid
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Thus, we can say that pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance ,
whether it will be solid, liquid or gas
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1 What is vapour ?
Q
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Q
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4 Name any two substances which sublime
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5 Define Condensation
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6 For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the
change of state?
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At a given temperature in any gas, liquid or solid, there are particles with different
amounts of kinetic energy
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This phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its
boiling point is called evaporation
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With the increase of temperature, more number of particles get enough kinetic energy
to go into the vapour state
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The air around us cannot hold
more than a definite amount of water vapour at a given temperature
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Wind speed : the higher the wind speed , the more evaporation
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Evaporation cause cooling
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Particles from the bulk (whole) of the liquid change
into vapour state
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Particles from the surface gain enough
energy to overcome the forces of attraction present in the liquid and change into the
vapour state
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1 Which is the slow process , Evaporation or Boiling ?
Q
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Q
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Kelvin & Celsius Scale
Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature, 00 C =273
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we take 00 C = 273 K
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T (K)= T (oC) +273
Kelvin scale of temperature has always positive sign , hence regarded as better scale
than Celsius
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The SI unit of
pressure is Pascal (Pa):
1 atmosphere = 1
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The pressure of air in atmosphere is called
atmospheric pressure
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Q
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2 Kelvin scale of temperature is regarded as better scale than Celsius
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3 Convert 10oC into Kelvin scale
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QUESTION BANK [ *HOTS ]
1 Mark Questions:
1
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What will happen to the inter particle
forces?
2
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3
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A gas can exert pressure on the walls of the container
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5
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What is meant by density?
7
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8
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9
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10
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2 Marks Questions:
1
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2
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Define Sublimation with examples
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*Do we sweat more on a dry day or humid day ? Justify your reason
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Why do we see water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing ice cold
water?
6
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List two properties that liquids have in common with solids
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List two properties that liquids have in common with gases
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*What will happen to the melting point temperature of ice if some common salt is
added to it? Justify your answer
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*How will you show that air has maximum compressibility?
15
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Define the term (a) Latent heat of fusion (b) Latent heat of vaporization
2
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3
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But you must have
observed that ice floats on water
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What is the physical state of water at 250°C, 100°C, 0°C?
5
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ii) Water vapours have more energy than water at same temperature
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What are intermolecular forces ? How are these related to the three states of matter ?
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5 marks Questions:
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State the properties of all the five states of matter
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Define : Melting point , Freezing point & Boiling point
You are expected to know………
Particle nature of matter
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