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skies” is a metaphysical image
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Cortez was a spanish explorer who discovered the
pacific in 1851
7
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“surmise”- deep in a thought
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Silent in awe, overwhelmed by natures beauty like
Keats is overwhelmed by literary beauty
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-Sea is never
ending: eternity,
unknown,
timelessness
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-A hopeful poem
-Keats tries to find
meaning in a
godless world and
found this meaning
in nature
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“It keeps eternal
whispering around desolate
shores, and with its mighty
swell”
2
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“such gentle temper
found”
4
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“Oh, ye! who have your
eyeballs vexed and tired”
6
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“Until ye start, as if the
sea nymphs, quired!”

1
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‘whisperings’ is onomatopoeicholds mysterious secrets
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Sibilance conveys the sound of the sea throughout
poem- calming
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Keats uses numbers to rationalise nature
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“hecate”
represents destructive power of the seas- Greek goddess
of the sea- caused destruction via sea, goddess of
natural destructive power of the sea
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Oxymoronic- the sea is a dichotomy; it has a soothing
sense to placate people yet can also destroy people
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4
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5
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The sea is an antidote for anxiety/exhaustion
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Harsh sounds- unpleasant oxymoronic, negative and
plosive- shows dichotomy of powers of the sea
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7
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In drear
nighted
December

-About the torment
of remembering
happy times in
misery
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-Written in Dec
1817 when his
brother is dying of
TB
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-Tells us that
poetry is all about
memory
-Overall argument
of the poem is that
if you cannot heal
good memories
during bad times, it
is better to not
remember them at
all
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1
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“The north cannot undo
them/ with a sleety whistle
through them/ nor frozen
thawings glue them”
3
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“Apollo’s summer look; but
with a sweet forgetting”
5
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“Ah! would ‘twere so with
many a gentle girl and boy-“
7
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“When there is none one
to heal it/ Nor numbered
sense to steel it”
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...
”

1
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“too” infers Keats’s jealousy
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The tree cannot remember the
spring- can’t remember the happy times- unlike human
capacity
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List of description to show the power of nature- nothing
is able to destroy it as nature is indestructible and the
natural change is irreversible
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PARADOX: nature is a
cycle but the cycle cannot be changed by anything
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Brook (small river/stream) is personified- cannot
remember warmer times
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The Apollo is a metaphor for warmth and good times
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”The moving waters at
their priestlike task/ Of pure
ablution round earth’s
human shores”
4
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“No- yet still steadfast, still
unchangeable, pillow’d upon
my fair love’s ripening
breast”
6
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”Still, still to hear her
tender-taken breath, and so
live ever- or else swoon to
death
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He wishes he was like the star- it has stability that he
desires
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2
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The stars encapsulate all
natural processes- he is exploring the hidden realms of
nature
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3
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Awe is being
transcended onto the star
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4
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5
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‘ripening’- young, fertile- she is young and
ripening while he is decaying
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Repetition of “for ever”- their relationship is eternal,
they are rebelling against death
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Tragic
element- he may not be able to fulfil the desires of
marriage forever
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Heroic couplet
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Desperation to be around forever and hear
her breathing
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To Autumn

-One of Keats’s
later poems (end
of career)- he
needed to write to
earn money
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-Written in 1820,
pre-victorian
regency period
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-A hopeful poemKeats sees beauty
in every stage of
Autumn
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-Autumn is the
month when things
are beginning to
die and decay,
winter is the month
of death
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“SEASON of mists and
mellow fruitfulness, close
bosom-friend of the maturing
sun”
2
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“budding more, and still
more, later flowers for the
bees”
4
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”
5
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“the fume of poppies,
while thy hook…”
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”
8
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“while barred clouds
bloom the soft-dying day”
10
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“full grown lambs…
hedge-crickets…red-breast”
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”

1
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‘fruitfulness’ brings
connotations of pregnancy
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2
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Alliteration of “fill a fruit” is emphatic of excess
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Repetition of ‘more’- there is so much fruit to collect
and reap
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4
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cells=bodies, image of excess
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(OCT/NOV) Autumn is personified
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“thee” shows the ubiquity of autumn- uncertainty of who
he is talking about
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Poppies are made from opium- a popular 19th century
drug (heroin)
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7
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“oozings”onomatopoeia of the double entendre: oozing of cider
press or oozing out the last summer parts of Autumn
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(DEC) Double rhetorical question showing desperation
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“thou”- Autumn:
he is focussing on the ‘now’- the positives of the Autumn
months and short dark days
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“barred” brings connotations of heavy and oppressiveblocking out the sun
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Enjambment in these lines creates a rhythm
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11
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Animals and birds can live and prosper in
this stage of life- nature renders man powerless
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Swallows are associated with heaven, love and
freedom- pos image
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La Belle
Dame Sans
Merci

-Written when
Keats’s death is
looming
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-A Ballad with A B
C B rhyme
scheme- common
structure for
Romantics
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-Natural, magical,
mystical imagery
-Key themes of
solitude (man vs
world), power, love
and mortality
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-Iambic
quatrameterregular and heavily
rhythmic
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“O WHAT can ail thee,
knight-at-arms, alone and
palely loitering?”
2
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”
3
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”
4
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“i met a lady in the
meads…a faery’s child, her
hair was long, her foot was
light”
6
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”
7
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”
8
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“And sure in language
strange she said- “i love thee
true
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“She took me to her elfin
grot, and there she wept … i
shut her wild wild eyes with
kisses four
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“there she lulled me
asleep, and there is
dream’d- Ah! woe betide!”

1
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An armed knight
accentuates a woman’s power- honourable and can
defend himself and her
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“loitering”- waiting with no purpose
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He and his surroundings are withering and music-lessnature has decayed with him
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3
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Pathetic fallacy
throughout- foreshadows death
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A lily is symbolic of death- more foreshadowing
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the ‘rose’ is symbolic of love and
how there was no integrity in his love
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5
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“faery’s child” shows
unworldly beauty and has magic and gothic connotations
(romantic tradition)
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7
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References to anatomy- phallic connotations of ‘pacing
steed’
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‘A faery’s song’ is like a lullaby/spell- he does
not fully understand it and is submissive
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By having sex with her he puts her in a position of
power- change in pronoun
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‘manna dew’ has biblical connotationsidea of forbidden fruit and a fatal flaw
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Element of forgery and suspicion as she is feeding him
unfamiliar things- adds to mystery
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She has become the powerful one
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She is playing the victim- exploratory image of
vulnerable female- so he kisses her
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“The latest dream i ever
dream’d/ on the cold hill’s
side
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“I saw pale kings and
princes too, pale warriors,
death-pale were they all”
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“I saw their starved lips
in the gloam, with horrid
warning gaped wide”
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“and this is why i sojourn
here, alone and palely
loitering”
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”

12
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13
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“Kings and princes”- the Knight
dreams of dead Kings and princes who have warned him
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Direct speech- personal and enhances tension
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She has trapped them under her
spell
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Singular pronouns enhance emotion
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They are warning
him
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Anaphora
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Pathetic fallacy:
doom/isolation of death
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Aurally echoes- emphatic
of his situation- he’s stuck and cant progress
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This contrasts with
her “faery song”
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-A formal poem in
praise of
something
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-Permanence of
nature vs
transience of
humans
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-He escapes from
reality/science to
idealise art- views
art as a
heightened extent
of realityprovocative and
evocative
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“Thou still unravish’d bride
of quietness, thou fosterchild of silence and slow
time"
2
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”
3
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“Heard melodies are
sweet, but those unheard/
Are sweeter”
5
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“Bold Lover, never, never
canst thou kiss, though
winning near the goal yet…”
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“For ever piping songs for
ever new; more happy love!
more happy, happy love!”
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“Who are these coming
to the sacrifice?”
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“little town…will silent be;
and not a soul to tell”

1
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Curves of an urn=
female shape
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Urn= time, history, past- peace and
tranquility
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In awe with the way he addresses the urn
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3
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Is he questioning human behaviour or society in
the past or present
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Urn becomes a vehicle of contemplation and the nature of
existence before him
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Pipes and timbrels- melodies that the figures are
playing
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The past is
sweeter
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Spiritual satisfaction from the urn- plays to the spirit not
the senses
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Here he’s yearning for immortality- he’s
aware of his own death being imminent
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He envies the state of this figure on the urn- frozen on
a high, he’s never going to face rejection
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“Through winning…” is a
still image- eternal thrill of him in a state of anticipation
approaching his prize
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Usually happiness is transient yet on the urn it is stable
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Repetition and exclamatory
emphasises excitement
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“For ever warm” connotes life- always alive and
immortal- ironic as they were never alive but only in art
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“passion” is a
short-lived feeling that is eternalised on the urn
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Now he's looking at the people going to do a religious
sacrifice- contemplating the scene of a cow’s sacrifice
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-His family had TB
and he had
contracted it
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13
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“As doth eternity: Cold
Pastoral!”
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“”Beauty is truth, truth is
beauty,- that is all/ Ye know
on earth, and all ye need to
know
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This stanza is holistic towards the Urn- envious of its
immortality
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Conclusive: about purpose of the urn- had overwhelming
positive qualities
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Caesura shows he is pausing to appreciate nature
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tone of envy as he is so
awe struck towards the urn
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The urn outlives society and people- it will always be
there to inspire
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16
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Beauty overrides everything
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“When i have fears that i
may cease to be/before my
pen has gleaned my teeming
brain”
2
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“i may never live to trace”
4
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“in the faery power/ of
unreflecting love”
6
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”

1
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Iambic pentameter and long
vowel sounds along with the tone of sadness and sorrow
his desperation
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“full ripened”- he has also reached his peak
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He knows that he will lose the women
he loves
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Inevitable fate of death
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4
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5
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6
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The only end
stopped line (death)- the end of the poem and the end of
his life
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-He wants sleep to
overcome him, and
for sleep to lead to
death
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“O soft embalmer”
2
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“Or wait the “Amen”, ere
thy poppy throws”
4
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“Save me from curious
Conscience “
6
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”

1
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Sibilance creates a drowsy state of tiredness and the
desire to fade away
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Amen is said at the end of a prayer
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4
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“breeding many woes”- his worry
leads to more worry
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When awake he overthinks- he thinks that sleep will
solve this problem

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