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Describe and evaluate types of long-term memory (16 marks)
Tulving (1985) proposed long-term memory (LTM) to be divided into three main types of
memory: episodic, semantic and procedural memory
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E
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breakfast you ate
this working, recent trip to the dentist
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g
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Memory of single episode will
include several elements such as people and places, objects and behaviours
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Semantic memory contains knowledge of the world
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They are not ‘time-stamped’, meaning we don’t
remember when we learned about them
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Like episodic memory, semantic memories usually need to be
recalled deliberately
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Unlike semantic and episodic memory, we can recall these without conscious
awareness e
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driving a car
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g
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Support for different types of LTM comes from case studies of HM and Clive Wearing
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They
both had difficulty recalling events happened in their past
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They still understood meaning of words, both knew how to tie shoelaces,
and in Wearing’s case how to play the piano, and read music
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Also, how one store can be damaged, but others
not shows evidence that not only are there different types, but they are stored in different
parts of brain
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The problem with using case studies of
individuals is that the sample is not big enough to be able to generalise to wider population
due to potential individual differences, meaning they lack external validity
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More evidence to support that there are different types of stores in different parts of LTM
memory comes from brain scanning techniques
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The findings showed episodic and semantic memory were both recalled from the
prefrontal cortex
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This supports the view that there is physical
reality of different types of LTM
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Tulving’s three types of LTM has real-life applications
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Belleville

showed that episodic memory could be better improved in older people’s lives who had
mild cognitive impairment
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This highlights the benefit of distinguishing between different types of LTM, as
allows for specific treatments to be developed
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He agrees that procedural
memory is one type of LTM but argues that episodic and semantic are stored together, he
referred to this as declarative (explicit) memory
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