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Title: Ions, Ionic Bonds/Compounds, and Bonding in Metals
Description: Aimed at first year beginners. This set of notes covers valence electrons, the octet rule, the formation of anions, the formation of ionic compounds, properties of ionic compounds, metallic bonds and properties, and alloys.
Description: Aimed at first year beginners. This set of notes covers valence electrons, the octet rule, the formation of anions, the formation of ionic compounds, properties of ionic compounds, metallic bonds and properties, and alloys.
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Chemistry Notes
Section 7
...
■ All of the elements within each group behave similarly because they
have the same number of valence electrons
...
● Usually the only electrons used in chemical bonds
...
○ Octet Rule: In forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve the electron
configuration of a noble gas
■ An octet is a set of 8
■ Looks like ns2 np6
○ Atoms of metals tend to lose their valence electrons, leaving a complete octet in
the next-lowest energy level
...
■ The most common cations are those produced by the loss of valence
electrons from metal atoms
...
■ Some ions formed by transition metals do not have a noble-gas electron
configuration and are exceptions to the octet rule
...
● Ex: Mg2+
● Formation of Anions
○ Anion: atom or group of atoms with a negative charge
...
■ Anions names of elements change to end in -ide
...
● Ex: Cl-
○ Halide Ions: ions that are produced when atoms of chlorine and other halogens
gain electrons
...
■ All Halide Ions: F-, Cl-, Br-, and I-
Section 7
...
■ Usually composed of metal cations and nonmetal anions,
■ Although they are composed of ions, ionic compounds are electrically
neutral
...
○ Formula Units
■ Chemists represent the composition of substances by writing chemical
formulas
● Chemical Formula: shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the
smallest representative unit of a substance
○ Ex: NaCl
■ Because an ionic compound exists as a collection of positively and
negatively charged ions arranged in repeating patterns, its chemical
formula refers to a ratio known as a formula unit
...
■ The component ions in such crystals are arranged in repeating 3D
patterns
...
○ Coordination Number: the number of ions in opposite charge that surround the
ion in a crystal
...
Section 7
...
○ The valence electrons of metal atoms can be modeled as a sea of electrons
...
■ Metallic Bonds: consist of the attraction of the free-floating valence
electrons for the positively charged metal ions
...
■ The sea of electron model can explain many physical properties of
metals:
● Good conductors of electrical current because electrons can flow
freely in them
...
A
sea of drifting valence electrons insulates the metal
cations from one another
...
In
contrast, ionic crystals struck with hammers tend to push
positive ions together; therefore, they repel and the
crystal shatters
...
■ They are arranged in very compact and orderly patterns
...
○ Body-Centered Cubic
■ Every atom has eight neighbors
■ The elements sodium, potassium, iron, chromium, and tungsten
crystallize in this pattern
...
● Alloys
○ Most of the metals you encounter are alloys
...
● Ex: Brass- alloy of copper and zinc
■ Alloys are important because their properties often are superior to those
of their component elements
...
5% silver and 7
...
○ Alloys can form their component atoms in different ways
...
● This is called a substitutional alloy
...
● This is called an interstitial alloy
...
Title: Ions, Ionic Bonds/Compounds, and Bonding in Metals
Description: Aimed at first year beginners. This set of notes covers valence electrons, the octet rule, the formation of anions, the formation of ionic compounds, properties of ionic compounds, metallic bonds and properties, and alloys.
Description: Aimed at first year beginners. This set of notes covers valence electrons, the octet rule, the formation of anions, the formation of ionic compounds, properties of ionic compounds, metallic bonds and properties, and alloys.