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Comparative physiology Answers
Classifications of organisms
1
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State the three methods we compare and categorise
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Draw the bilateria diagram and state an example for each
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Protostomes:Annelid(earthworm),molluscs(snail),Nematode(C
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All chordates have three features common to all of them, state them
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5
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Ion channels ( K+,Na+ & Ca+)
1
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2
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Chaotic,Precise
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Name four toxins that can be isolate ion channels
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How many domains and TM helices do Sodium ion channels have?
4 homologous domains each with 6 TM helices
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Sodium ion channels are composed of one___ unit and two ____ units
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Which unit is the pore forming?
S5 and S6 linked by p-loop
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Explain the voltage sensitivity of sodium ion channels
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8
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Explain inactivation in the sodium ion channels
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(IFM PLUG)
It is voltage independent
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Name the two types of voltage gated potassium ion channels
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fast potassium ion channels: Inactivated, blocked by TEA and no delay in response
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12
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14
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16
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What is Ik and IKa?
Ik-delayed
IKA-fast
How many domains is potassium ion channels?
1
Name the four variants of the “fast” potassium ion channels in the order of inactivation
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Multiple genes code for different subunits
Different subunit combinations
Alternate splicing
What potassium ion channels are not voltage sensitive and why?
No S4 region
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The GYG amino acids within the pore of the channel are replacing the hydration shell around
the ion in water
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Paddle shaped structure
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19
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21
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23
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25
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Contains positively charged residues
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Closes the gate
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Time, Voltage
The reason for the existence of inactivation is prevent what?
To prevent the cells from reaching equilibrium
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20,60
Name the three types of calcium ion channels
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L-High voltage activated, Muscle
N-High voltage activated, Neurotransmitter
T-Low voltage activated, Transient
Voltage sensitivity of the calcium ion channels is the same as that of _______
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Negatively, glutamine
If the extracellular calcium concentration is low, what would happen?
It becomes permeable for sodium
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Calcium ion T type gave rise to sodium ion channels
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D1 is more similar to D3 and D2 to D4
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Post-synaptic Excitation/Inhibition
1
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Alpha bungarotoxin
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Name the domains making up the niACH
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How many helices are there in the alpha unit?
6
4
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N and C
5
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Pentameric
6
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N
7
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Has 3 negatively charged rings
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Name two things that causes desensitization of niACH receptors
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Name three types of niACH
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Name two inhibitory neurotransmitters
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Name the three types of GABA receptors and what they are activated by
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Name the subunits making up the GABA receptor
Alpha, beta,gamma,delta,epsilon
13
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GABA-___ receptors occur throughout the animal kingdom in both vertebrates and
invertebrates however,_____ receptors are restricted in their distribution to_____
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______ is an anti-parasitic agent that binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels in ______
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16
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Where are neuropeptides made?
Dense core vesicles
2
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3
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What is the endogenous chemical of morphine?
Enkephelin
5
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What is the name and the function of the first part of the precursor of the neuropeptide?
Signal peptide sequence
7
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8
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Signal peptide sequence cleaved by prohormone convertases
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Name the two enzymes that cleave the neuropeptides
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10
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They are there to balance the overall charges of the protein molecule
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Name the two post translational errors that are present in the TRH
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Name two more post translational modifications
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Tyrosine sulphation
14
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Neurotransmitters are released into synapses,stored in vesicles, normal impulses
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Photorecptors
1
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2
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What happend to the photoreceptor when light is shinined on it
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What is the G-protein coupled receptor called?
Rohodopsin
5
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6
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8
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10
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12
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14
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Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
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Retinal guanylyl cyclise 1 and 2
cGMP activates _______
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cGMP is inactivated by enzymes known as _______
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cGMP gated ion channels are activated by cGMP binding to which terminal?
C
Summarise the steps in phototransduction
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In the dark, the phosphodiesterase is relatrively weak and cGMP
accumilatess and the cGMPgated sodium ion channels are open
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GTP bound activated
transducin increases phosphodiesterase activity and hyperpolarisation results
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Closed,-40
In the light,_______ in the cytoplasm fall due to closure of cGMP-gated cation channels
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16
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The rhabdomeres contain photoreceptor cells
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17
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8
18
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R1-6-Anatomically similar,found in the first optic neurophile lamina
R7 and R8-Anatomically different,found in the second optic neurophile medulla
19
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Name the protein for each photoreceptor type
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What photoreceptor cells express the RH2
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Explain the pathway of the depolarization
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What do trp do?

Comparative physiology Answers
24
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26
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28
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30
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Lets in calcium and sodium ions
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DAGpolyunsaturated fatty acid(DAGlipase)
PIP2 cleavage causes a mechanical change in the plasma membranes that causes it to open
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Draw the histamine effect using a diagram under dark conditions
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State 2 similarities and three differences between the vertebrate and the invertebrate
photoreceptors
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Name the gene responsible for eye development
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C and R
Vertebrates have C opsins
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Platynereis and scallops
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R,C
What are the R type opsins calles in vertebrates? What do they do?
Circadian rhythm

Olfaction
1
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Olfactory bulb,cribriform,mitral
2
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Comparative physiology Answers

3
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Describe how the types and classes show the relationship between mammals and others
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Amphibians next and most in fish
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Name the classes present in the zones of the olfatary epithelium
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Name the three sensilla types and where they are found
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Antennae---_______----_________--Lateral horn
Antennal lobe,mushroom body
8
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Ion channels
9
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Combinatorial glomeruli activation
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Independent evolution of the GPCRs`
Earthworm case study
1
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Complete the table with what happens to oxygen saturation in giant earthworm
Buried in shallow moist soil
Increase
Exposure to nitrogen
Decrease
Adrenaline
Decrease
Acetylcholine
No change
1
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2
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Factor
Decrease
pH
Right
Co2
Left
Temperature
Left
2,3-DPG
Left

Increase
Left
Right
Right
Right

1
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A tactile
2
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5 (from 7
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Is this interesting?
What might you have expected? Does this say anything about the physiology of the worm
vs
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Viscosity and Boundary layers
1
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High viscosity =______ reynold’s number and low viscosity=______reynold’s number
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What happens when a reynold’s number is high?
When it is high, there is turbulent vortices due to pressure difference and increases drag
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What is the velocity of the fluid at the boundary layer?
0
5
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Faster velocity means lower pressure; this is why the flight lifts
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What are the most abundant animals in the world?
Copepods
7
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Enertia ,Viscosity
8
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9
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Kidneys
1
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State the three major functions of the kidneys
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How much fluid is filtered per minute?
12L per minute
4
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6
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8
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10
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Functional unit of the kidneys
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Bowmann’s capsuleglomeruliPCTLoop of henleDCTCollecting duct
Give another name for bowman’s capsule
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How are small proteins recovered?
Brush border, proteolytic enzymes, large proteins into amino acids
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Explain the loop of henle
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What is the major solute in the collecting duct?
Urea
Adaptations for external changes
1
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Waxy cuticle
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Spiracles close
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State three ways of nitrogenous waste removal and an example of an animal in each case
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State 7 ways camels control their bodies to adapt for hot weather
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Comparative physiology Answers
Cooling nasal passages
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Can drink a lot of water
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Dry faeces and little urine
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Draw and explain the water recovery in tidal ventilation
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When the air is cooled at the nasal passage the air humidifies and precipitates and the water
loss is minimised
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What are teleosts?
Bony fish
2
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How do marine fish gain water?
They have invaginations in the gill epithelium
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They drink the water and retain some ions
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Name three features of the brine lakes
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5
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TMAO stabilises proteins under high pressure and they are used in isotonic balance
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*Although every precaution is taken to make sure the mark scheme is accurate, the
students using this resource are strongly advised to re-check any answers that seem to
be inaccurate and use the resource as the start point of your education

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