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Microbial physiology answer sheet
Classification of organisms
1
...
Why was small subunit RNA used?
Essential for survival
Slower rate of change accumulation in DNA level as functionally important
Present in all cells
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______ Sequences mutate slower than _______ sequences
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Name two prokaryotic microbes and three eukayotic microbes
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What makes the cell walls of bacteria and archea different?
Peptigoglycan, pseudo-Muerin
6
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Prokaryotes-smaller in size,no nucleus,membrane bound organelles absent, cell wall
present( made of peptidoglycan or pseudo muerin),smaller ribosomes(70s),Bacteria lack
histones but archea has histones,cell divides by binary fission and not mitosis
...
Draw the flow tree of bacteria classification
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9
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11
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13
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Purple,red
What came first? Gram negative or positive?
Gram negative
What is peptidoglycan made of?
Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino
acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria,
forming the cell wall
...
Sugar chains cross-linked by peptides through NAM residues
Name two things present only on gram positive cell walls?
Teichoic and lipoteichoic acids
State two atypical bacterial cell walls
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AlphaFound in plants and may be in moitochondria (rhizobium)
BetaAnimal pathogen,thiobacillus

Microbial physiology answer sheet
GammaMedicinally important,E
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What are firmicutes?
Gram-positive bacteria
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Archea are more related to ______ than ______
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Name three similarities of arehcea and bacteria
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Name the three types of thermophiles
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What are fungi cell walls composed of ?
Chitin
19
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Yeast and mould
20
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State three similarities between Protozoa and Algae
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State three things that anabolic reactions need
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Why do anabolic reactions need energy?
To change from high to low entrophy ( form bonds)
3
...
Disect the following terms; photolithotrophy,
photoorganotryphy,chemorganotrphy,chemolithotrophy, heterotrophs, autotrophs
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Photolithotrophy-Using the energy derived from light to oxidise inorganic compounds
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Chemolithotrophy-Using the energy derived from chemical reactions to oxidise inorgainic
compounds
5
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They also covert _____to
sulphates
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Thiobacillus Ferroxidans,fe2+ Fe3+,sulphite, acidic

Sachin

Microbial physiology answer sheet
Bacterial growth
1
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Binary fission
Multiple fission
Budding
sporulation
2
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DNA replication finished before the separation
Correct septum positioning
Chromosomes move to opposite poles
Biosynthesis
3
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Ftsz proteins form contractile ring and the min proteins determine correct place for septum
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Where is DNA replicated?
Membrane bound replication Factory
5
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Spectrophotometer
Counting chamber
Dilution and cell plating
6
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Mean generation time
7
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Constant, exponential
DNA in bacteria
1
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10
2
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DNA,RNA and protein
3
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Bacterial genome takes minimum 30 minutes to replicate
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Daughter cells copy before end of transcription
6
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Do bacteria have exons?
Yes
8
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Small genome is less complex organisms
Minimal set of genes for viability
Evolutionary Diversity
Organisation of genes in operons

Sachin

Microbial physiology answer sheet
DNA densely packed
Photosynthesis in bacteria
1
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2
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Chloroplast based and Bacteriorhodopsin based
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Name three photolithotrophs and three photoorganotrophs and state everything you
remember about them
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Uses calvin cycle to fix carbon
Green sulphur bacteria-Chlorobium,doesn’t use calvin cycle to fix carbon
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Strict anaerobes
Purple sulphur bacteria-Chromatium vinosum,Sulphur granules,Uses calvin cycle
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Type 2 reaction centre
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When oxygen
absent,photoorganotrophy(Bacteriorhodopsin)
4
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5
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Oscillatoria limentica,Sulphide,photosystem 1,cyanobacteria,photosystem 2
6
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Thick oxygen impermeable membranes
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Respiration in bacteria
1
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Glucose +2ADP+ 2Pi+ 2NAD+2Pyruvate + 2ATP+ 2NADH +2H+
2
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Respiratory and fermentative
3
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PyruvateLactate(NADH oxidised)
PyruvateCO2+AcetaldehydeEthanol(NADH oxidised)
4
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Aerobic uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor

Sachin

Microbial physiology answer sheet

5
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7
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Anaerobic uses an external electron acceptor
Fermentation doesn’t use an electron acceptor
Write out the TCA overall reaction
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38 molecules of ATP
E
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Why?
12,10
They inhabit different areas and the complexes are most efficient at different oxygen
concentrations
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E
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Pseudomonas-Gram negative,Versatile metabolism,Motile
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Mycobacerium Tuberculosis-Gram positive,Lung infections,causes tuberculosis
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Nitrogen utilisation in bacteria
1
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coli, what is the difference in terms of PMF generated between aaerobic and anaerobic?
Anerobic energy generated is less than aerobic
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Nitrate reductase uses the 2H+ to reduce Nitrate instead
...
State the 4 main electron acceptors from the most energy to least
...
What are the problems with using oxygen as an electron acceptor
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(O2-,H2O2,OH-)
Some anaerobic archea have superoxide reductases to tolerate living in an o2 present area
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State three ways of culturing anaerobes
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Using a palladium catalyst to reduce oxygen to water
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5
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Assimilative-reduction of inorganic compounds to produce biomass
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6
...


Sachin

Microbial physiology answer sheet

7
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Nitratenitrite(E
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Nitratenitritenitric oxidenitrous oxideNitrogen(Paracoccus
denitrificans,Pseudomonas stutzeri)
8
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coli
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Nark 1 transports nitrate from outside world into the periplasm using the proton gradient
...
(it is an
antiporter of nitrate and nitrite)
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9
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Facultative anaerobes
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Explain the two ways the E
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The common two component signalling pathway, Histidine kinase dimer (sensor protein)
and response regulator
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11
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Colormetric assay (NEDdihydrochlorite turns pink in presence of N2O)
Radioactive labelling
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What are the two ways of sulphur reduction?
13
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Draw a flow diagram to show assimilative and dissimilative sulphate reduction to H2S
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In assimilative sulphate reduction, the electrons are transported to the APS and SO3- via
S0 2_____,given by_____ this6E-leads to3 proton pumping
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H2S
16
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Obligate,cohesive
17
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Scintillator count
Isotopic labelling
Sulphur use in bacteria
1
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Sulphur oxidising bacteria can grow on _____ and _____ ph
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State the three pathways for sulphur oxidation
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State three examples of SOX and some details
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What is the key enzyme in hydrogen oxidation and the two protein complexes
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Iron oxidation is converting Fe2+to Fe3+
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Acidic
7
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Converts Fe2+ to Fe3+
8
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9
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ATP synthesis
10
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What are the two ways of using nitrification?
Nitrosofying: NH4+NO2-(AMO & HAO)
Nitrifying:NO2-NO3-(NOR)
12
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Methane in bacteria
1
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Methanogenesis-Production of methane
Methanotrophy-Use of methane for energy
2
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Where does this occur
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4
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C1 carriers
Redox enzymes
5
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Sachin

Microbial physiology answer sheet

6
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Corrinoid enzymes

7
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Methano pyrus
8
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9
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10
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12
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14
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16
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18
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Sachin

Iron in the cytosolic (soluble)
What are the two ways for methanol to formaldehyde?
THF(like anammox)
Methanopterin as c1 carrier
What are thee three classes of methanotrophs?
Type 1-Gamma,faster,uses Ribulose monophosphate pathway, Glyceraldehyde – 3
phosphate(biosynthesis)
Type 2-Alpha,serine pathway,AcetylcoA (biosynthesis)
Verrucomicro biaceae-Serine pathway, calvin cycle(biosynthesis)
What are anammox? Give an example of one
They are organisms that can convert NH4+ straight in to N2
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NH4+ + NO2- N2 +2H2O
Brocadia anammoxidans
What does the anammox use to fix carbon?
Acetyl-coA pathway
Where is the PMF created?
Annamoxosome membrane
What donates electrons to ferredoxin to provide the reducing power?
N2H4
What is the organelle in which this occurs? Why is it thick?
Anammoxosome, to prevent toxic intermediates from damaging cell components
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5 times the cytoplasm
In acetyl co A pathway one co2 becomes ______and another becomes _______
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