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Table of Contents
Biology
Chapter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Topic
Living Things
Animal and Plant Cells
Food
The Digestive System
Respiration and Breathing
The Circulation System
Excretion
The Skeleton and Movement
The Senses and Nervous System
Human Reproduction
Genetics
Plant Structure
Photosynthesis
Transport in Plants
Sensitivity in Plants
Plant Reproduction
Ecology
Habitat Study
Conservation and Pollution
Micro-Organisms

Page
5
7
10
12
14
17
20
22
25
27
31
32
33
34
35
36
39
41
42
45

Chemistry
Chapter
21
22
23
2

Topic
States of Matter
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Solutions

Page
47
49
51

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

Separating Mixtures
The Atom – A Closer Look
The Periodic Table
Chemical Bonding (I) – Ionic Bonding
Chemical Bonding (II) – Covalent Bonding
Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Acids and Bases
Air
Water
Groups of Elements
Metal
Chemistry in Everyday Life

52
54
56
58
59
60
61
63
65
67
69
71

Physics
Chapter

3

Topic

Page

36
37

Measurement and Units
Energy

72
73

38

Speed, Velocity and Acceleration

75

39

Mass, Density and Flotation

76

40

Force, Work and Power

77

41

Weight

78

42
43

Turning Forces and Centre of Gravity
Pressure

79
80

44

Heat

81

45

Temperature

82

46

Light

83

47

Sound

85

48
49

Magnetism
Static Electricity

86
87

50

Current Electricity

88

51

Electricity in the Home

90

52

Electronics

91

Exam Breakdown
Section
Biology
· Q1

Marks (390)
52

Time (120mins)
18

· Q2
· Q3
Chemistry
· Q4

39
39
52

11
11
18

· Q5
· Q6
Physics
· Q7

39
39
52

11
11
18

· Q8
· Q9

39
39

11
11

For full revision of the Junior Certificate Science course students should also
revise all designated experiments as seen in their Junior Certificate Science
textbook
...
Living Things
The Seven Characteristics of Living Things
MRS FERG
1
...

Plants grow towards light
...

2
...

3
...

Plants are sensitive to and respond to light, water and gravity
...
Feeding
Plants contain chlorophyll which allows them to make their own food
through photosynthesis
...

5
...

6
...

Reproduction is needed for life to continue
...
Growth
In micro organisms the cell grows to full size
...


5

Vertebrates
Animals which have a backbone
...
Fish
Scaly skin
...

Eg
...

2
...
Live in water and on land
...
Frog, newt, toad
...
Reptiles
Dry scaly skin
...

Eg
...

4
...
Toothless beaks
...
Duck, pigeon, sparrow, ostrich
...
Mammals
Have hair/fur
...

Eg
...


Invertebrates
Animals which do not have a backbone
...
Crab, beetle, worm, snail
...


6

Ch 2
...
Nucleus
Controls cells activities
...
Cytoplasm
Watery fluid upon which the other structures are suspended
...
Cell Membrane
Holds the cell together
...
Cell Wall
Allows the plant to stand upright
...
Chloroplasts
Contains chlorophyll which allows green plants to make their own food
through photosynthesis
...
Large Central Vacuole
Stores water, sugar and wastes
...


Tissue

A Muscle

Group of similar cells with a special
function
...


System

Digestive system

Group of organs working together
with a special function
...


Making a Slide
1
...

2
...

3
...
Avoid
trapping air bubbles
...
Apply a stain (iodine) and draw across the coverslip
...
Food
Nutrient

Source

Function

Protein

Lean meat, fish, eggs, beans

Growth and repair of
cells

Fat

Butter, cheese, fatty meat

Provides heat energy
and body insulation

Carbohydrates
· Sugar
· Starch
- Fibre

- jam, honey, table sugar
- bread, potatoes
- bran, veg skins

- Provides energy
- Provides energy
- Prevents constipation
...


Balanced Diet
A diet which contains the right amount of all food types needed to stay healthy
and gives the correct number of calories for your lifestyle
...
The Digestive System
A group of organs working together to break food into its molecules
...

Carries food to the stomach by muscular
action
...

Produces more digestive
Molecules are absorbed into the
bloodstream from here
...


Why we Need Digestion
The food we eat must be broken down into it’s molecules so it is small enough
to enter cells and carry out it’s action eg
...


Nutrition
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

12

Physical Digestion
Breaking food into smaller pieces in the mouth
...


Tooth

Function

Incisor

Cut

Canines

Tear

Premolars

Grind

Molars

Grind

Chemical Digestion
Enzyme – A catalyst, made in a living cell, which can speed up a chemical
reaction without itself being changed
...
Eg
...
Eg
...
Eg
...
Respiration and
Breathing
Respiration
The release of energy from food
...

Word Equation
Oxygen + Glucose

Carbon Dioxide + Water Vapour + Energy

Chemical Equation

6O2 + C6H12O6

6CO2 + 6H2O + E

The Respiratory System

14

1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

6
...

7
...

8
...
When drawn down, air is inhaled,
when drawn up, air is exhaled
...

This process can happen as the aveoli and the capillaries around the aveoli are
both only one cell thick
...
Lung Cancer
Tar in ciggarettes damages aveoli
...
Heart Strain/Heart Attack
Caorbon Monoxide in ciggarettes causes heart strain
...
Bronchitis
4
...
The Circulation
System
The Composition of Blood
Constitute

Function

Red Blood Cells (contain haemoglobin)

Carries oxygen

White Blood Cells (have a nucleus)

Fights diseases

Platelets (tiny cell fragments)

Clots blood

Plasma (watery fluid)

Dissolves substances
Suspends blood cells

Red Blood Cells

Platelets

White Blood Cells

The Function of Blood
1
...
Defence against Diseases
Carried out by white blood cells
...


The Heart - A Cardiac Muscle

18

Features
- Thick muscle wall
- Narrow lumen
- No valves
- Thin muscle wall
- Large lumen
- Has valves
- Walls are one cell thick

How to Prevent Heart Disease
Regular exercise, healthy diet, avoid stress
...
Excretion
The removal of wastes that are made in the body
...

The Skin
Excretes sweat (salt and water)

The Urinary System

20

Part

Function

Kidney

Filters blood, removing salt, water and
urea

Renal Artery

Brings blood from Aorta to Kidney

Renal Vein

Collects blood from kidney and ccarries
blood to Vena Cava

Ureter

Carries urine from kidneys to bladder

Bladder

Stores urine

Urethra

Releases urine

21

Ch 8
...
Support
Given by the vertebrae (backbone)
2
...
Movement
Muscles work together to move the skeleton

22

Joints
Where bones meet
...

Synovial Fluid – fiils the joint
cavity and lubricates the joint

23

Ligaments and Tendons
Ligaments join bone to bone
...

Tendons join muscle to bone
...


Antagonistic Muscles
A pair of muscles that work in opposite directions to each other
...


24

Ch 9
...

Nerves
·
·
·
·

25

Made up of nerve cells called neurons
...

Sensory Nerves carry messages to the brain
...


The Eye – A Sense Organ

Part

Function

Lens

Focuses light onto the retina

Cornea

Bends light rays inwards towards the
lens

Pupil

Allows light into the eye

Iris

Opens (in dim light) and closes (in
bright light) to control the amount of
light enteringthe eye

Retina

Contains light sensitive cells which
pass messages through the optic nerve
to the brain

Optic Nerve

A sensory nerve
...


Ciliary Muscle

Pulls the lens to change its shape when
a different focus is needed
...
Human Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction involves the fusion of the male gamete (sperm) and the
female gamete (egg) to form a zygote
...
Tail needed for the sperm to swim in the fluid
...

28

Fertilisation
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...


Pregnancy
· Lasts 40 weeks(9 months)
· The embryo developes in the uterus protected by amniotic fluid
...

Functions of the Placenta
· Allows transport of oxygen and nutrients from mother to baby and
wastes (carbon dioxide and water) from baby to mother
...

· Attaches embryo to the uterus wall
...

2
...

4
...


Muscles of the uterus contract and labour begins
...

Baby is pushed out
...

The placenta (afterbirth) is pushed out
...
Genetics
The study of the inheritence of characterics
...
These are
inherited from the sperm and the egg
...
All other
body cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Chromosome
A threadlike structure found in the nucleus of a cell
...

The sperm cell and the egg cell have 23 chromosomes each
...

Ientical Twins have the exact same genetic make up
...
Plant Structure
Flowering Plants
Structure

Function

Roots

- anchor
- absorb water and minerals
- store foood eg
...
Potatoe

Leaf

- makes food
- allows loss of water vapour and keeps plant cool
- allows exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Bud

- allows for new growth of leaves and flowers

Flower

- reproduction

32

Ch 13
...


Green Leaves
Feature

Function

Flat and Thin

Absorbs more light

Stomata (pores on the underside of
the leaf)

- Allows water out
...

· Used for Respiration
· Converted to starch and stored in roots/stem
· Converted to protein by combining with minerals such as nitrogen
...


33

Ch 14
...

The Transpiration Stream is the flow of water from roots to leaves
...

· Draws minerals from soil to leaves
...


Vascular Tissue
For transport, made up of phleom and xylem cells
...
Sensitivity in Plants
Tropism
The growth response of a plant to stimuli
...


35

Ch 16
...
POLLINATION
The transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of
another plant
...
FERTILISATION
The fusion of the male gamete nucleus and the female gamete nucleus to
form a zygote
...
Pollen lands on the stigma
...
A pollen tube grows down the style and enters the ovary
...
The male gamete nucleus passes through the tube and into the ovary
...
The male gamete nucleus fuses with the female egg
...
SEED AND FRUIT FORMATION
· The fertilised egg (zygote) becomes a seed
...


4
...

Method
Example
Wind
Sykamore, dandelion
Animal
Apple (passes through digestive
system)
Self
Lupin, peas (podds explode)
Water
Lilies

5
...

Heat, water and oxygen are needed for germination
...

Eg Geranium – cuttings grow into new plants
...


38

Young Root

Ch 17
...

The Environment is everything which surrounds a plant/animal
...

Interdependance is the way in which plants and animals depend on each other
for food, shelter and pollination
...

Producers begin the food chain
...

Consumers can be herbivores (eats plants) or carnivor (eats animals)
Eg
...
Green
plants are always on the first feeding level
...

Eg
...
The number of organisms desreases
as you go up the food chain (lots of grass,
less rabbits, less foxes) as energy is
always being wasted, for example
through animals moving
...


Competition
Occurs when two or more organisms seek something that is in limited supply
...

Animals compete for food, shelter, territory and mates
...
Habitat Study
1
...
1m:1cm
· Must have a legend eg

= wall

2
...

Light Meter – Measure light intensity
...
Collect Plant and Animal Samples
Pooter – sucks up insects
Sweep net – sweep through grass and hedges
...

Pitfall Trap – jar containing alcohol is dug into the ground
...

Pitfall Trap

r

4
...

Line Transect – a knotted rope which shows changes in plant numbers from one part of the habitat to
another
...
Conservation and
Pollution
Cnservation is the protection, preservation and careful use of our natural
resources
...


Air Pollution
Causes
· Smoke
· Dust
· Harmful gases
From cars, fctories and power stations
Effects
· Soot covers plants
· Dust causes lung disease
· Sulfer dioxide combines with rainwater to form sulfuric acid (acid rain)
which dissolves limestone
· Greenhouse gases thicken the atmosphere causing global warming

Soil Pollution
Causes
· Acid rain
· Pesticides and herbicides
· Artificial fertilisers
Effects
· Causes damage further up the food chain
...


Waste and waste Management
Waste – mterial no longrer needed that has to be disposed of
...

Waste Management
Method
Incineration

Advantage
Disadvatage
Reduces volume of waste Releases sulfur

Landfill

Waste is not burned

Dumping at Sea

Reduces volume of
nucler waste

Composting

Minerals released into
soil

Seepage of toxic
subsances
Nuclear waste is
rdioactive > marine
pollution
Not all waste can be
composted

Recycling is the process by which wastes such as glass, paper and plastics can
be processed and reused
...
Micro Organisms
Viruses

·
·
·
·
·
·

A virus is a chemical surrounded by a protein coat
Viruses do not feed, respire or grow
Viruses only reproduce inside a living cell
They take over living cells and eventually kill them
White blood cells produce antibodies to fight viruses
Eg
...
Pneumonia, food poisoning
· Food spoilage
45

Fungi
·
·

A living cell
Occurs as mushrooms, bread mould and yeast

Benefits
·
·
·
·

Yeast is used for brewing
Yeast used as a raising agent for baking
Mushrooms can be eaten
Penicillium is used to make the antibiotic penicillin

Harmful Effects
· Causes diseases in animals (ringworm, athletes foot) and in plants
(mildew)
· Food spoilage
· Some toadstools are poisonous

Soil Micro Organisms
Break down dead plants and animals into humus which increases the soils
fertality
...
Yeast > alcohol
Bacteria > cheese
Penicillium > penicillin antibiotic

46



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