Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

1

Table of Contents
Biology
Chapter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Topic
Living Things
Animal and Plant Cells
Food
The Digestive System
Respiration and Breathing
The Circulation System
Excretion
The Skeleton and Movement
The Senses and Nervous System
Human Reproduction
Genetics
Plant Structure
Photosynthesis
Transport in Plants
Sensitivity in Plants
Plant Reproduction
Ecology
Habitat Study
Conservation and Pollution
Micro-Organisms

Page
5
7
10
12
14
17
20
22
25
27
31
32
33
34
35
36
39
41
42
45

Chemistry
Chapter
21
22
23
2

Topic
States of Matter
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Solutions

Page
47
49
51

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

Separating Mixtures
The Atom – A Closer Look
The Periodic Table
Chemical Bonding (I) – Ionic Bonding
Chemical Bonding (II) – Covalent Bonding
Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Acids and Bases
Air
Water
Groups of Elements
Metal
Chemistry in Everyday Life

52
54
56
58
59
60
61
63
65
67
69
71

Physics
Chapter

3

Topic

Page

36
37

Measurement and Units
Energy

72
73

38

Speed, Velocity and Acceleration

75

39

Mass, Density and Flotation

76

40

Force, Work and Power

77

41

Weight

78

42
43

Turning Forces and Centre of Gravity
Pressure

79
80

44

Heat

81

45

Temperature

82

46

Light

83

47

Sound

85

48
49

Magnetism
Static Electricity

86
87

50

Current Electricity

88

51

Electricity in the Home

90

52

Electronics

91

Exam Breakdown
Section
Biology
· Q1

Marks (390)
52

Time (120mins)
18

· Q2
· Q3
Chemistry
· Q4

39
39
52

11
11
18

· Q5
· Q6
Physics
· Q7

39
39
52

11
11
18

· Q8
· Q9

39
39

11
11

For full revision of the Junior Certificate Science course students should also
revise all designated experiments as seen in their Junior Certificate Science
textbook
...
States of Matter
Matter is anything which takes up space and has mass
...
Elements,
Compounds and Mixtures
Elements
An atom is the smallest part of an element which still has properties of that
element
...

Eg
...
Elements that make up molecules are always present in fixed amounts
...
1 molecule of water = 2 hydrogen atoms:1 oxygen atom
Properties of Compounds A comound is a completely new substance with its
own properties
...
Hydrogen (explosive gas) combines with oxygen (gas which supports
combustion) to form the compound water (liquid which can extinguis fires)

Mixtures
Consist of 2 or more different substances mingled together but not chemically
combined
...
Solutions
Solute is the substance which is dissolved eg
...
Water
Solution is the mixture of a solute and a solvent
Different solvents dissolve different solutes eg
...
Concentrated
Large amount of solute : Small amount of solvent
2
...
Saturated
A solution which contains as much dissolved solute as possible, at a
given temperature

The Solubility Curve shows how the solubility of a substance changes with
increasing tempeerature
...

Chrystallisation refers to the forming of crystals of a compound by cooling a
saturated solution
...
Seperating Mixtures
Separating Solids from Liquids
1
...
Evaporation
Seperates soluble solids (salt) from a solution
Crystallisation occurs when crystals appear from a solution which has
been evaporated
...
Distillation
Seperates 2 liquids with different boiling points
...
Alcohol(78˚C) and water (100˚C)
Also can be used to seperate soids from a liquid to give a pure sample of
each
...
Chromatogrphy
Seperates mixtures of dissolved substances in a solution

11

Ch 25
...


Subatomic Particles
Particle

Charge

Mass (atomic mass
units)

Location

Proton

Positive

1 amu

Nucleus

Neutron

Neutral

1 amu

Nucleus

Electron

Negetive

1/1840 amu

Shells orbiting the
nucleus

Bohr Model of the Atom

Atomic Number
· Refers to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
...

· All atoms are electrically neuatral(positive charge = negetive
charge) therefore the atomic number is the same as the number of
electron in orbit
12

Mass Number
Is equal to the number of protons + the number of neutrons
...

Shell Number
1
2
3
4

Number of Electrons
2
8
8
8

How to find the electronic configuration using the PEN method

P = 11
11 (atomic number)

E = 11 as P = E

Na
23 (mass number)

N = 23-11 = 12
Electronic Configuration =
2, 8, 1

Isotopes
· Atoms of the same element which have different numbers of neutrons
...
Carbon 12, 13, and 14
Hydrogen 2 and 3
13

Ch 26
...


Groups
· Vertical columns
...

· Elements in group 1 have 1 electron in their outermost shell and so on
...

8

1
2

7
Alkaline Earth
Metals

8

Periods
· Horizontal rows
· Elements in the same period have the same number of shells of electrons
...


14

Metals and Non-metals

15

Ch 27
...
A
compound is either ionic or covalent, depending on how the elements bonded
...


Ionic Bonding
·
·
·
·
·

Atoms give and take outer electrons in order for each atom attains a
stable electron arrangement with 8 electrons in its outermost shell
...

An ionic bond forms between the force of attraction between positive
and negetive ions
...

Electro-static force holds ionic bonds together
...
Sodium Chloride

Atoms lose electrons to become + charged ions(metals lose electrons)
...

16

Ch 28
...


Single Covalent Bonds
Methane Molecule CH4

Double Covalent Bonds
Oxygen Molecule O2

17

Ch 29
...
Sodium chloride, magnesium oxide
...


Covalent Compounds
·
·
·
·

Forms between non-metals and non-metals
...
Water H2O, Methane CH4
Atoms in each molecule are held together by covalent bonds
...


Properties of Compounds
Ionic Compounds

Covalent Compounds

Consist of crystal lattices

Consist of seperate molecules

Crystalline solids

Liquids, gases

High melting/boiling points
Soluble in water
Conduct electricity when
melted/dissolved in water

Low melting/boiling point
Insoluble in water
Do not conduct electricity

18

Ch 30
...

Eg
...


Indicators
Chemicals which show, by means of colour change whether a substance is an
acid or an alkali
...

The pH of a substance can be found using universal indicator solution

Neutralisation
Neutralisation occurs when an acid and a base react and neutralise each other to
form a salt and water
...

Titration is the process used to find out how much acid is needed to neutralise
a certain amount of alkali
...

Eg
...

Eg
...
Air
Air is a Mixture
Component
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Carbon Dioxide
Water Vapour

%
78
21
1
0
...

· Components can be seperated by cooling
...

Hydrogen peroxide manganese dioxide
2H2O2

MnO2

oxygen + water

O2 + 2H2O

Manganese Dioxide is a Catalyst – substance which changes the speed of a
chemical reaction without being harmed itself
...

2
...

4
...

6
...
Breathing
2
...
Burning

Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is collected using upward displacement of air
...

2
...

4
...


Colourless, odourless, tasteless gas
Denser than air
Acidic
Does not support combustion
...


Test for Carbon Dioxide – Turns limewater milky
...
Photosynthesis
2
...
Fizzy drinks
22

Ch 32
...
Each molecule of water is made up of 2 hydrogan atoms
and 1 oxygen atom
...


Properties of Water
1
...

3
...

5
...

2
...

4
...


Sun heats the ocean and water evaporates
Water vapour condenses to form clouds
Clouds rise and cool further, resulting in precipitation
Water soaks into the ground and seeps into streams and rivers
Rivers carry water to the ocean and the cycle begins again
...
Screening – wire mesh removes large particles
2
...
Filtration – filtration beds of sand and gravel remove small particles of
dirt
4
...
Flouridation – flourine compounds added to prevent tooth decay

23

Hard and Soft Water
Soft Water
· Easily forms lather with soap
Hard Water
· Does not easily form lather with soap
· Caused by calcium ions dissolved in water
· Found in areas of limestone
Removal of Hardness from Water
· Pass through an iod exchange resin
· Distillation (boiling)
Hard Water
Advantages
Calcium for teeth + bones
Good for brewing + tanning
Tastes better

Disadvantages
Blocks pipes with limescale deposits
Wastes soap
Produces scum with soap

Electrolysis
Production of a chemical reaction by
electricity
...


·
·
·
·
24

Sulfuric Acid is added to increase conductivity
Platinum rods are used as they do not rust
...
Groups of Elements
· Vertical columns in the periodic table
· Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in
their outermost shell
...


Properties
Physical
· Soft – easily cut
· Freshly cut surface is shiny
· Low density – float on water
Chemical
· Very reactive
· Found as compounds in nature
· Must be stored in oil to prevent reaction with oxygen

Reactions
With Oxygen
· React slowly with oxygen in the air to form a dull outer crust of oxide
...
Eg
...

With Water
· Hydrogen gas is given off as a flame
· The alkali becomes a metal hydroxide
· Eg
...

· This is because elements further down the group have more shells of
electrons, therefore there is a weaker force of attraction between the
protons in the nucleus and the electrons in the outermost shell
...
Lithium – watch and camera batteries
2
...
Potassium - fertilisers

26

Ch 34
...

2
...

4
...

6
...

8
...


Preventing Corrosion/Rusting
·
·
·
·

Painting
Greasing/oiling
Galvanising
Chromium painting

Metal Alloys
1
...

3
...


Bronze – copper + tin
Brass – copper + zinc
Steel – iron + carbon
Solder – tin + lead

Activity Series of Metals

27

This is a list of metals in order of how reactive they are, beginning with the
most reactive
...

The Activity Series
Ca
Mg
Zn
Cu

Calcium
Magnesium
Zinc
Copper

Reactions of Metals with Water
Hydrogen gas given off
Metal
Calcium
Magnesium
Zinc
Copper

Reaction
Reacts very vigorously
Reacts vigorously
Reacts slowly
No reaction

Reactions of Metals with Acid (HCl)
Hydrogen gas given off
Metal
Calcium
Magnesium
Zinc
Copper

28

Reaction
Reacts very violently
Reacts very vigorously
Reacts vigorously
No reaction

Ch 35
...

Effects of Acid Rain
· Harms eco-systems
· Corrodes limestone buildings

Plastics and the Environment
Non-biodegradable refers to materials which cannot be broken down by microorganisms in soil

---