Notesale: Turn your study into money

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INTRODUCTION
Education is one of a fundamental human right preserved in the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (1948)
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Achieving Universal primary education is the second millennium
development goal in all countries of the world
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Education is equally key to enhancing Tanzanians competitiveness in the global economy,
therefore ensuring access to quality education for all, in particular for the poor and rural population,
is central to the economic and social development of Tanzania
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Education is the foundation of economic and social development
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Corruption in education
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They also argue that because education is the public good, the
abuse is more than material gain but also personal gain
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Corruption in education sector diverts funds to other non-priority sectors and it lead to diversion
of resources allocated for education for private sector
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Corruption
limits access to education, leads to ethnic and religious oppression in education system
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Corruption may
lead extortion of sexual favors by teachers
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Types of corruption in education
Broadly, corruption can be realized in two major categories
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Petty corruption involves people and means at lower scale and rates
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Example in education context some schools, parents are required to provide money
on children’s school administration forms which are supported to be free and this is mostly extreme
in rural areas where there is little understanding about these issues
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Grand corruption, involves big or massive transactions, it can be in construction, huge purchase
and provisions
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This type of corruption is often occurring at the highest level of the establishment
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For instance, Magufuli hostel,
SOED building at the University of Dare salaam (some examples) are in repairing to some rooms
which might be the result of corruption during construction
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Absenteeism, private tutoring, ghost teachers,
manipulating data among others
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LEVELS OF CORRUPTION IN EDUCATION
Meier (2000), identified four levels of corruption in education sector in which each level the extent
of corruption can be either petty or grand;
At policy level
During budget execution, there is the misallocation of resources in which the education sector is
under resourced
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At central ministry level
Because of decentralization there evolve bureaucracies which leads to diversion of funds directed
to education to other sectors before even they could reach the school
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In some cases, this is a form of grand corruption in which the
funds allocated for development expenditure for the schools is directed to recurrent expenditure
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Education supplies are lost to payoffs, underdeliveries, and overpricing
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At school level
Corruption at school level can be in form of private tutoring, favoritism, nepotism in grading
teacher’s absenteeism, bribes payed by the parents to ensure access and good grades, abuse of
power, sexual harassment, embezzlement of school funds, asking unnecessary contributions from
the parents among others of which have direct impact in terms of access, quality and equity
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Education structure, the public education system in most countries is largely left to the control
of the central government
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This
monopoly leaves room for corruption to occur at different point
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Politicians sometimes abuse their power when making teaching
appointments, promotions or transfers
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Also in Philippines teacher were found to be used by politicians to manipulate voter
registration and ballot counting (Yvonne 1999)
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Administrative, corruption can occur at different administrative levels, for instance district
inspectors may request bribes from schools in return for a favorable report to the education
ministry
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Also individuals, administrators, teachers and other misuse schools for private and
commercial purposes example in our schools there some teachers who enforce students to buy
uniforms and exercise books at school
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School, teachers may be absent from the classroom or sometimes not teach the required curricula
or extort services from pupils
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Education finance
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Resources are channeled to those areas that are already
advantaged such as in more urban regions
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Allocations of resources to schools in developing countries are
often made using falsified data, such as inflated enrolment numbers
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Off budget allocations are particularly risky, especially when foreign
donors provide direct financing to schools and bypass governments or civil society organizations
that could act as intermediaries (Nuland, 2006)
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According to countries surveyed by World Bank between 10 and 87 percent of non-wage spending
on primary education is lost
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Use of education resources, funds that reach schools may not be used according to their intended
purpose, textbooks may be sold instead of being freely distributed, illegal payments may be made
by school authorities using forging receipts or the quantity of goods purchased may be inflated
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In high education new technologies and increased competitions among students have led to new
opportunities for corrupt practices
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Academic corruption occurs when a student bribes a teacher for a good grade or pays her teacher
for private tutoring-even when she does not need it
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Corruption in the accreditation of teachers and training
institutions is also on the rise
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(Hallak and Poisson 2005)
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Corruptions in the accreditations of courses and institutions, coupled with
credential fraud, results in students being licensed with poor professional standards
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Augustine University (Tabora and Mtwara branches) among other reason
the government decided to close these branches due to poor professional standards
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Corruption in teacher management includes favoritism, nepotism, cronyism and bribery in the
appointment, deployment, transfer and promotion of teaching staff
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This ghost may be the results of the poor management of administrative
records or the deliberate agreement of teachers and administrators to collect the salaries of teachers
who are dead, retired or on unauthorized leave
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Private tutoring
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Nations like
France, Australia and Singapore prohibit teachers from providing paid tutoring to their students,
but this is a common practice in most developing countries including Tanzania were teachers use
this to top up their salaries
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They also may threaten students with lower grades if they do not enter their private
tutorials
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The country’s anticorruption efforts were later geared in 1995 when president, Benjamin Mkapa, declared a “war”
on corruption
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The commission produced
the “Warioba report” that led in 1999 to the adoption of a comprehensive National Anti-Corruption
Strategy and Action Plan (NACSAP)
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In 2007 the parliament amended the bill act which was
later signed by the president Jakaya Kikwete to establish a new organ known as PCCB for fighting
corruption which was effective since 1st July, 2007

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Reports that outline Tanzania as a corrupt Nation
Several reports have outlined Tanzania as one of the corrupt nation in the world that suffers from
corruption
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The country also ranked 111th out of 177 in Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions
Index 2013, with a score of 33 out of 100 (Transparency International 2013)
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In the 2013 Global Corruption Barometer (GCB), 69 % of respondents in Tanzania perceive the
level of corruption in Tanzania to have increased in the last two years preceding the survey
(Transparency International 2013)
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While the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators demonstrate notable improvements in
terms of government effectiveness, rule of law and control of corruption from the late 1990s until
the mid-2000s, the country’s rating has experienced a decline since then (World Bank 2012)
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In terms of citizens’ experience of corruption, 61% of respondents in the GCB 2013 stated that
corruption is a very serious problem in the country (Transparency International 2013)
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There appear to be a number of conducive reasons for
corruption in education sector, among of these reasons are;
Inadequate salaries; there is no doubt that there exists a clear relationship between economic
factors and corruption
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For example, in Tanzania there has been several reported cases of parents to
blame teachers who force students to work in their garden so as to supplement their income
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Narayan, (2000), reports that teachers have left their
position in large numbers because they cannot survive on their salary alone
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Teachers are not promoted; they have no incentives all of which force them to engage in
misconduct behaviors
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Many universities with low
standard decide to corrupt the responsible institutions so that they can receive many students and
thus receive the government funds
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The absence of transparence regulations and criteria often leads to high level of corruption
especially in the context of declining public expenditure
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With the absence of
clear standard between what is acceptable and what is not, behaviors become difficult to control
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Teacher misconduct, Motivated and efficient teachers are crucial for quality in teaching
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The
proceeds from such fees, as well as other favors received as payment, are frequently for the private
gain of educators
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As a result of persistent teacher misconduct, in particular
absenteeism and lateness or not showing up for work, the former Bukoba District Commissioner
ordered 19 teachers to be caned publicly (BBC News, February 13, 2009)
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Poor community participation and access to information
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without a sense of ownership parents
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are not likely to hold teachers and administrators accountable (Meier, 2000)
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In some schools the heads of schools are strongly bitter when some
parents question the amount of funds the school receives
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The increased competition among schools has been a major source of corruption in
education
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This has pressurized school managers to engage in the
practices of examination frauds which is very common in Tanzania so that their students can
perform better ad thus advertise their schools with the aim of increasing students
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The absence of committed watch dog institutions
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Employees may take advantage of the fact that the chance of being caught doing
something corrupt is remote
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Some of the officers responsible for fighting corruption practices are easily corrupted
and thus weakening their power to fight corruption
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Low management capacity
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Most of administrators in school lack
the knowledge to analyze audits and financial information (Ant corruption resource centre, 2006)
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For example, in most school teachers acts as accountants
with little knowledge and skill on audits which creates the risks of corruption
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In some contexts, decentralization of the education system has also decentralized opportunities for
corruption, extending them to a larger number of individuals
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Funds allocated
to schools via local authorities have less chance of reaching the schools than funds allocated
directly to school
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During the first
quarter of 2013, about 34% of primary schools in Tanzania had not received the capitation grant
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This has been the case between 2010 and 2012 when most schools had only received an
average of 2,202 TZS per pupil per annum
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In addition, some primary head teachers, about 37%, are not informed about how
much of the capitation grant their schools are supposed to receive (Sauti za Wanachi, Mobile Phone
Survey-Round 2, April 2013)
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Many countries have established anti-corruption commission in recent
years for example PCCB for the case of Tanzania
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Unfortunately, they have
proved to be useless in the war against corruption practices, due to the lack of sustained political
will at the highest level
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For instance, the tradition of giving some gifts for teachers has in some places evolved into
a practice of widespread extortion
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Societies with weak norms of are often prone to academic corruption
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Corruption in education
affect the poor who, without access to education and with no alternatives to low quality education
have little chance to escape a life of poverty (Meier, 2000)
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Low school enrolment in developing
countries has been linked to illegal payments for school entrance and other 'hidden' costs for meals,
uniforms, textbooks and other teaching materials as well as for additional services like extra
tuition
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Misallocation
and loss of talent because students and teacher are promoted on the basis of bribes rather than merit
deprives a country of competent leaders
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In many developing countries,
international aid for education has played a central role in supporting national policies aimed at
improving access to education and enhancing equity and quality of educational services
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The lack of aid effectiveness would certainly lead to the donor community’s
reluctance to offer any further aid, resulting in limited external assistance and hence reduced
resources available for education, aid ineffectiveness due to corrupt practices seems to imply that
“it makes little sense, for instance, to channel resources through national budgets in countries
where persistent corruption is known to exist” (UNESCO, 2009: 220)
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On the one hand, corruption may stimulate a substantial
decrease in the resources allocated to education by affecting tax revenue and hence the volume of
funds available to the government for allocation
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When education resources did not reach those who are ultimately supposed to
receive them, corruption would certainly compromise the ability of education systems to expand
access to educational services as well as their ability to improve quality and equity in education
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According to various media reports, school violence has been on the rise recently
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These phenomena are partly rooted in the forms of corruption
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Rising costs and inequality:
First, corruption in education threatens to increase educational costs for households and worsen
the risks of inequality in accessing educational services
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Hence, corruption directly increases the inequality in
access to educational services
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Corruption has led to the accreditation of substandard schools and universities
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Schools
have no criteria to admit students but because the owners provide bribes to the accreditation
officers, they are allowed to operate which result to provision of education with no quality at all
levels
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In 2017 more than 17 universities were closed from operating because they
did not meet the criteria
Corruption has been major source of production of teaching and learning materials of low quality
such as books with low qualities
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This has a direct impact to students who will
eventually receive the education of low quality
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This is very common practice in Tanzania where by private schools
wants to assure the community that their education is of high quality
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This lowers the quality of education
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Due to increased cases of teacher’s
misconduct to engage in sexual intercourse with student, there has been large number of girls
dropping out since they find themselves being pregnant and not able to carry on with their studies
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Corruption violates the rights to education
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Several
acts of corruption can amount to a violation of the right to education
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Low
quality teaching affect quality
MEASURES TO PREVENT CORRUPTION IN EDUCATION
Eliminating corruption in educational is not so far different from solving the problem of corruption
in other sectors
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Methods to achieve more accountability include clear sanctions for
bribery, conflict of interest rules and codes of conduct, political independence of the
administration, recruitment and career development rules that are based on merit, access to
information, and complaint mechanisms for students and parents
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More specifically, the following measures contribute to
preventing corruption in education
Leadership and political will
Since corruption in education is seen as having rooted from the grassroots
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The ministry of education (MOEVT) must be in frontline
to oversee corruption as an obstacle to higher quality education and to national development
starting with the declaration of zero tolerant approach to corruption as an essential element in
strengthening access to and the quality of education (Transparency international, 2013)
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There should be transparent procurement procedures and enhanced accountability of
public spending in schools and universities
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Transparency international, 2013)
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Training
should be extended to district and local level administrators, school management committee and
parent teacher collaboration on how to access this information in order to trail the expenditure
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Parent participation and oversight at school level is usually seen as the first step to fighting school
corruption
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(Transparency international, 2013)
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A prerequisite of participation is access to information: The
public should have access to financial and statistical data on transfer of funds to the schools, on
allocation of positions, of goods such as textbooks and stationary, transfers for school meals, etc
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An Education Management Information System (EMIS) is used in many countries as a
management tool for performance monitoring and quality improvement
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It supports and improves education by providing the information
on the needs of the school districts and about student performance and participation and thus
reduce corruption
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Educators need to know what behavior might constitute corrupt
practice, especially when proper professional conduct might run counter to social norms widely
accepted outside of the education workplace (Transparency international,2009)
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However,
their effectiveness may often be influenced by the processes used in their development and by the
monitoring and control procedures that they require for implementation (Poison, 2009)
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Good attractive packages and salaries for teachers
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The importance of adequate remuneration to ensure an honest civil servant is widely
recognized in the international discourse on civil service and pay reform (Ant corruption resource
center, 2006)
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Some forms of misconduct, example
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Moreover, open tender systems and clear criteria and procedures are needed as part of an education
system’s procurement processes (Transparency international, 2009)
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of interest rules and public access to bidding proposals also can help to curb corruption in public
contracting
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The government has to be able to ensure
adequate teacher salaries, and to adequately source the education sector
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However, the
overall atmosphere including school infrastructure, sanitation, the quality of teacher housing,
career opportunities have more decisive influence on teacher conduct than simply salary
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For example, changes in salary should
be accompanied by measures that serve to raise the social status of teachers
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At the same time, regular and fair inspections should be consistent

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