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Title: BTEC Applied Science Unit 5 Assignment 1
Description: Unit 5: Perceptions of Science – Assignment 1 Scientific Theories Task 1 Describe the development of a scientific theory. Demonstrate that this is a dynamic process where competing theories have to be catered for. Describe how a particular theory becomes accepted by the scientific community. Possible theories: Search for the Higgs boson The structure of atoms Development of Quantum Theory Evolution (You may have your own preference…..) You might want to outline how this theory developed: who were the key scientists in its development, what evidence was put forward to support or develop the theory or to highlight, its perceived advantages over any previously existing explanation? This provides evidence for P1 Task 2 a) For one of the following topics – stem cell research, cloning, genetically-modified crops or any other topic that is of interest to you – provide a brief outline of: The scientific progress made to date Indicate the progress still needed before wider social acceptance is likely Why there are many in society who still have reservations about the science being proposed. b) For one of the following topics – life after death, time travel, reincarnation or any other topic that is of interest to you Identify why science is unlikely to ever propose an explanation that is likely to be accepted by the great majority. Explain why the very nature of the idea being studied makes it unlikely that science will ever be able to provide such an explanation. You may wish to include your own views on the topic discussed. Why do you hold this particular view and how could you test if your view was true? This provides evidence for M1 Task 3 Describe how scientific ideas and developments are communicated to the scientific world (e.g. Internet, professional journals, etc). Describe how the robustness of scientific ideas is assessed by peers. Discuss why new theories are often greeted with scepticism and take time to become accepted. You might want to pick a theory (perhaps the one you chose for task 1) and include: The major weakness in the explanations/observations that it aimed to explain. (In other words, what did the scientists proposing the new theory see as the weaknesses in the theory that was accepted at that time?) State the major arguments used against it when it was first proposed. (How did other scientists, or others in society, react to the newly proposed theory?) This provides evidence for D1 Exam board is Pearson ALL ASSIGNMENTS I HAVE UPLOADED ARE DISTINCTION GRADED.
Description: Unit 5: Perceptions of Science – Assignment 1 Scientific Theories Task 1 Describe the development of a scientific theory. Demonstrate that this is a dynamic process where competing theories have to be catered for. Describe how a particular theory becomes accepted by the scientific community. Possible theories: Search for the Higgs boson The structure of atoms Development of Quantum Theory Evolution (You may have your own preference…..) You might want to outline how this theory developed: who were the key scientists in its development, what evidence was put forward to support or develop the theory or to highlight, its perceived advantages over any previously existing explanation? This provides evidence for P1 Task 2 a) For one of the following topics – stem cell research, cloning, genetically-modified crops or any other topic that is of interest to you – provide a brief outline of: The scientific progress made to date Indicate the progress still needed before wider social acceptance is likely Why there are many in society who still have reservations about the science being proposed. b) For one of the following topics – life after death, time travel, reincarnation or any other topic that is of interest to you Identify why science is unlikely to ever propose an explanation that is likely to be accepted by the great majority. Explain why the very nature of the idea being studied makes it unlikely that science will ever be able to provide such an explanation. You may wish to include your own views on the topic discussed. Why do you hold this particular view and how could you test if your view was true? This provides evidence for M1 Task 3 Describe how scientific ideas and developments are communicated to the scientific world (e.g. Internet, professional journals, etc). Describe how the robustness of scientific ideas is assessed by peers. Discuss why new theories are often greeted with scepticism and take time to become accepted. You might want to pick a theory (perhaps the one you chose for task 1) and include: The major weakness in the explanations/observations that it aimed to explain. (In other words, what did the scientists proposing the new theory see as the weaknesses in the theory that was accepted at that time?) State the major arguments used against it when it was first proposed. (How did other scientists, or others in society, react to the newly proposed theory?) This provides evidence for D1 Exam board is Pearson ALL ASSIGNMENTS I HAVE UPLOADED ARE DISTINCTION GRADED.
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Aaron Gardra
Unit 5 - Assignment 1 - P1
Evolution
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist
...
His book: 'On the origin of
species', published in 1859 explains his theory of evolution and the ideas developing this
theory
...
It also claims that these simple
lifeforms had developed over three billion years and that the earth is about 4
...
This theory states that evolution occurred by natural selection
...
The organisms and the cellular structures are very complex
...
However, some people believe that everything was created by God and then evolved
through natural selection
...
The theory of evolution became accepted by the majority of the scientific community as the
relation between man and apes are very similar
...
: during the voyage on the HMS
Beagle, Darwin notices the undeniable similarities between man and ape
...
His detailed
explanation of 'natural selection' and 'survival of the fittest' made scientists believe that this
theory was true
...
Darwin's theory had an advantage over Lamarck's previous theory of evolution
...
A giraffe stretches its neck to reach food high up
2
...
The giraffe's offspring inherit its long neck
Darwin
1
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A giraffe is more likely to get enough food to survive to reproduce
3
...
In addition, his theory cannot account for all the observations made of life on
Earth
...
Darwin's theory can account for the continued presence of
simple organisms
...
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck the French scientist is just an example
...
The organisms with characteristics most
adapted to their environment are most likely to survive and multiply (or reproduce)
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These genes are
then passed on to their offspring who then repeats this
...
The stronger species will then
slowly evolve
...
The conditions on earth - Species exist as the conditions were just right as organisms were
evolving
...
For example, polar bears having no fur or
humans being really hairy
...
Fossils of the simplest
organisms are found in the oldest rocks and fossils of more complex organisms in the
newest rocks
...
Fossils provide a record of organisms that lived a long time ago
...
The fossil record is often
incomplete
...
Darwin’s
theory of evolution through natural selection is the theory of evolution that is accepted by
scientists today
...
All the
main stages of the evolution of the horse have been preserved in fossil form
...
In the process its multi-toed hoofs, that were
adapted for walking across the forest floor, evolved into single-toed hooves more suited for running
over open country
...
He developed an alternative theory of
evolution which included two ideas: the law of use and disuse and the law of inheritance and
obtained characteristics
...
The characteristics that are developed are then
passed on to the offspring
...
5 billion years ago:
First bacteria - prokaryotes
About 2 billion years ago:
First cells with organelles
About 1 billion years ago:
First multi cellular organisms
About 500 million years ago:
First fish
About 450 million years ago:
First land plants and fungi
About 390 million years ago:
First amphibians, insects and reptiles
Aaron Gardra
About 220 million years ago:
Dinosaurs evolve
About 200 million years ago:
First mammals and birds
About 130 million years ago:
First flowering plants
About 45 million years ago:
First modern mammals
About 35 million years ago:
First grasses
About 3 million years ago:
First hominids
About 200 thousand years ago:
First Homo sapiens and Neanderthals evolve
About 100 thousand years ago:
Humans spread out over all the earth
About 20 thousand years ago:
Neanderthals die out
About 15 thousand years ago:
Agriculture begins
Aaron Gardra
Unit 5 - Assignment 1 - M1
Stem cell research
Aaron Gardra
Aaron Gardra
In order for stem cell research to become socially accepted by the community, we must
approach the stem cell research controversy; this is an ethical debate focused on the
research that involves creation, usage and the killing of human embryos; this debate is
focused on embryonic stem cells
...
For example, stem cell research could
potentially cure human diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, whilst also treating spinal
cord injuries which could lead to paralysis in some cases
...
If the researchers are
able to convince the community that the advantages overcome the disadvantages and will
have a greater benefit for man kind, then stem cell research will be accepted by the
community
...
However, meanwhile both for and against parties and the views of the public
probably will guide the research and therapy efforts for the Embryonic stem cells
...
Life after death
Science is never likely to propose an explanation that there is no life after death, as there is
not enough evidence to back it up
...
There are many people who have different beliefs and a lot of them believe in life
after death, for example, Christians, Jews and Muslims - some scientists also believe in life
after death
...
"A near-death experience, or NDE, is a profound psychological
event that may occur to a person close to death or who is not near death but in a situation of
physical or emotional crisis
...
" An out-of-body experience is "a sensation of being outside one's
body, typically of floating and being able to observe oneself from a distance
...
While the NDE
experience is intriguing, the great number of people who have it cannot really be called
evidence of life after death
...
After all, the brain is flooded with
chemicals in that last massive cellular rush before the body's death
...
As a Christian, I believe in life after death as the Bible
states that there is a Heaven and Hell and therefore life after death
...
"
This quote basically says that those who believe that Jesus gave his life for the sake of man
kind, will gain eternal life i
...
life after death
...
Aaron Gardra
Unit 5 - Assignment 1 - D1
Scientific ideas and developments can be communicated through PowerPoint presentations
in the scientific world
...
It also gives scientist a chance to
discuss ideas and develop them
...
Another example is the internet, i
...
websites; Researchers could look up the information
and further develop their ideas
...
e
...
The
websites will communicate the developed ideas of the topic
...
How the robustness of scientific ideas is assessed by peers
...
It involves subjecting research proposals and draft presentations,
papers and other publications to critical evaluation by independent experts
...
Peer review is commonly accepted as an vital part of scientific publication
...
Developments in science and medicine
are frequently the subject of news headlines and public discussion
...
Forms of peer review:
•
•
•
•
Editorial peer review - The editors judge whether a submission is accepted to be published
...
Double-blind review - The identities of the reviewers and those whose submission is being
reviewed are hidden from each other
...
When is peer review employed:
•
•
•
•
•
The evaluation for funding, to determine which applications are successful and which are
not
...
The evaluation of draft conference presentations, journal articles and monographs, before
they are published
...
The evaluation of publications once they have been publishes through reviews and articles
...
Scepticism
The theory of evolution is often greeted with scepticism and takes time to become accepted
by individuals including other scientists
...
Until the evidence is presented and
properly examined, the idea must remain a idea
...
Unfortunately, society has a way of
remembering the initial theory but forgetting the fact that it was disproved
...
The theory can contradict of what people believe, or what they want to believe
...
However, many new theories also face resistance from within the
scientific community
...
Many scientists will have based their careers on the old
theories and will not want to be told they are wrong
...
Firstly, one of the major weaknesses in the explanations and observations that the theory aimed to
explain is, that there is no way of proving that evolution really happened
...
Another weakness is that, there is a lack of viable
mechanism for producing high levels of complex and specified information
...
To add to that, natural selection is an very inefficient method of spreading
traits in populations, unless a trait has an very high selection coefficient
...
Moreover, chemistry has failed to explain the origin of the
genetic code
...
Not to mention, the theory has also failed to explaining the biogeographical
distribution of many species
...
Darwinism claims to eliminate harmful mutations by
natural selection
...
If they were not helpful, they would not help the creature pass on their DNA (or
genes) to their offspring
...
Since the helpful mutations
survive and are passed on, this leads to the constant change and growth in the species
...
The major arguments used against the theory of evolution when it was first proposed
...
Goes against the Church's beliefs, that God created everything just as it is
...
When Darwin first wrote to his friend and confidant Joseph Hooker detailing what he called his
‘presumptuous’ and ‘foolish’ work on evolution and admitting that he had come to the conclusion
that species are mutable, he said ‘it is like confessing a murder’
...
Aaron Gardra
Early ideas of evolution, long before Darwin, had angered the church
...
Title: BTEC Applied Science Unit 5 Assignment 1
Description: Unit 5: Perceptions of Science – Assignment 1 Scientific Theories Task 1 Describe the development of a scientific theory. Demonstrate that this is a dynamic process where competing theories have to be catered for. Describe how a particular theory becomes accepted by the scientific community. Possible theories: Search for the Higgs boson The structure of atoms Development of Quantum Theory Evolution (You may have your own preference…..) You might want to outline how this theory developed: who were the key scientists in its development, what evidence was put forward to support or develop the theory or to highlight, its perceived advantages over any previously existing explanation? This provides evidence for P1 Task 2 a) For one of the following topics – stem cell research, cloning, genetically-modified crops or any other topic that is of interest to you – provide a brief outline of: The scientific progress made to date Indicate the progress still needed before wider social acceptance is likely Why there are many in society who still have reservations about the science being proposed. b) For one of the following topics – life after death, time travel, reincarnation or any other topic that is of interest to you Identify why science is unlikely to ever propose an explanation that is likely to be accepted by the great majority. Explain why the very nature of the idea being studied makes it unlikely that science will ever be able to provide such an explanation. You may wish to include your own views on the topic discussed. Why do you hold this particular view and how could you test if your view was true? This provides evidence for M1 Task 3 Describe how scientific ideas and developments are communicated to the scientific world (e.g. Internet, professional journals, etc). Describe how the robustness of scientific ideas is assessed by peers. Discuss why new theories are often greeted with scepticism and take time to become accepted. You might want to pick a theory (perhaps the one you chose for task 1) and include: The major weakness in the explanations/observations that it aimed to explain. (In other words, what did the scientists proposing the new theory see as the weaknesses in the theory that was accepted at that time?) State the major arguments used against it when it was first proposed. (How did other scientists, or others in society, react to the newly proposed theory?) This provides evidence for D1 Exam board is Pearson ALL ASSIGNMENTS I HAVE UPLOADED ARE DISTINCTION GRADED.
Description: Unit 5: Perceptions of Science – Assignment 1 Scientific Theories Task 1 Describe the development of a scientific theory. Demonstrate that this is a dynamic process where competing theories have to be catered for. Describe how a particular theory becomes accepted by the scientific community. Possible theories: Search for the Higgs boson The structure of atoms Development of Quantum Theory Evolution (You may have your own preference…..) You might want to outline how this theory developed: who were the key scientists in its development, what evidence was put forward to support or develop the theory or to highlight, its perceived advantages over any previously existing explanation? This provides evidence for P1 Task 2 a) For one of the following topics – stem cell research, cloning, genetically-modified crops or any other topic that is of interest to you – provide a brief outline of: The scientific progress made to date Indicate the progress still needed before wider social acceptance is likely Why there are many in society who still have reservations about the science being proposed. b) For one of the following topics – life after death, time travel, reincarnation or any other topic that is of interest to you Identify why science is unlikely to ever propose an explanation that is likely to be accepted by the great majority. Explain why the very nature of the idea being studied makes it unlikely that science will ever be able to provide such an explanation. You may wish to include your own views on the topic discussed. Why do you hold this particular view and how could you test if your view was true? This provides evidence for M1 Task 3 Describe how scientific ideas and developments are communicated to the scientific world (e.g. Internet, professional journals, etc). Describe how the robustness of scientific ideas is assessed by peers. Discuss why new theories are often greeted with scepticism and take time to become accepted. You might want to pick a theory (perhaps the one you chose for task 1) and include: The major weakness in the explanations/observations that it aimed to explain. (In other words, what did the scientists proposing the new theory see as the weaknesses in the theory that was accepted at that time?) State the major arguments used against it when it was first proposed. (How did other scientists, or others in society, react to the newly proposed theory?) This provides evidence for D1 Exam board is Pearson ALL ASSIGNMENTS I HAVE UPLOADED ARE DISTINCTION GRADED.