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Unit 13- Assignment 3 – P6
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration in animals:

http://sbi4u3
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com/anaerobic-cellular-respiration
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slideshare
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by3301
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T_8hmZUOfp3htLqlhc11mJ3bP7WqOtLGh7GQnckamU6mP11i8yHW34iNksiOBQ/4-2glycolysis
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by3301
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mAaDJet0w4iMuG-g9A/4-3-krebs-cycle
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by3301
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com/y3mTf2N5zxgIeY3KD_Th2C8MbemRB5ernBhZo_smPw1ZT
Drj_l3rP8d8EaeHVbFH5pyEvH_P4R6F1kRwo_CtW3Iz4WdsQFq8ZsGIzNP-jyYuIq3jsExrkTNnW9qB40ybpumh_pO2_sAItITlIuDfHfVg/4-4-electron-transport-chain
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Cytoplasm
and mitochondria begin chemical exchanges; this causes the breakdown of glucose, in order for the
cell to release energy
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When this chemical reaction takes place, glucose is broken down into ATP
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On the other hand, in
plants, the process that releases energy is known as photosynthesis
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Respiration:
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ energy)

Photosynthesis:
Carbon dioxide + water
6CO2 + 6H2O

glucose + oxygen
C6H12O6 + 6O2

Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic processes in cellular respiration occurs if there is no oxygen present
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In this process, lactic
acid builds up in muscle cells
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Anaerobic respiration provides additional energy for the individual
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Lactic acid is a by-product of anaerobic respiration; this build-up
reduces a cell's capacity to further process waste – this will lead to fatigue and muscle soreness
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This
process helps carry away the lactic acid and converts it back to glucose
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The pyruvic acid produced after glycolysis goes through a different anaerobic pathway
depending on the organism
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Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration have one stage in common, which is glycolysis
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This occurs in both eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells
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Overall, glycolysis
is made up of ten different reactions, however this can be simplified to a simple three step process
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Phosphorylation - Firstly, one molecule of ATP is hydrolysed, this then releases one phosphate
group, that will attach itself to the glucose molecule
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Using the enzyme isomerase, the molecule then rearranged to make fructose
phosphate
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Then the phosphate group that is
released will attach itself to the fructose at carbon-1
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At
the end of the stage, there is a shortage of energy, as the process has cause two molecules of ATP to
be used up
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Splitting of fructose biphosphate - Secondly, in this stage, the fructose biphosphate will be split
into two molecules
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At the end of
the stage, there is an excess of energy as it is released during the stages of respiration
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Forming the pyruvate - After splitting the fructose biphosphate, two hydrogen atoms are taken
from the dehydrogenase enzymes, which use triose phosphate and are also aided by nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide
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This causes one reduced nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide molecule for each triose phosphate
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This causes two molecules of ATP to be produced
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Then two more molecules of ADP are again phosphorylated
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The process of glycolysis produces altogether: two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of reduced
NADH2 and four molecules of ATP
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The
molecules of NADH2 are also used whilst the pyruvate is formed
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Respiration can be controlled through regulation
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All three reactions previously mentioned can be
regulated
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The amount of
inhibitors in the cell are controlled by the body
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When tested, citrate
inhibits phosphofructokinase
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This means that
if it is decreased due to a low glucose level, or if a cell needs more energy, the rate of respiration can
be increased
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This is done to form
glucose 6-phosphate
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The product of this reaction Is able to be
converted to glycogen (this is stored as an source of energy)
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The product of the catalysed reaction inhibits
hexokinase
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This is done to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
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To inhibit phosphofructokinase,

high levels of ATP can be used
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The product of this reaction of pyruvate
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Low pH levels inhibit phosphofructokinase
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If muscles are
functioning during anaerobic respiration, the pH falls
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The purpose of the inhibitory effect is to guard the muscle tissue from damage, i
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if
too much lactic acid were to accumulate

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