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Title: BTEC Applied Science Unit 15 Assignment 1
Description: Unit 15: Microbiological Techniques – Assignment 1 Comparing types of cells Task 1 You must present labelled and annotated drawings of plant, animal, fungal and bacteria cells. You may base your drawings on slides that you have made yourself, prepared slides, or diagrams that you have found from research. The key point for P1 is that the diagrams must be ones that show cells as seen through the light, not electron microscope. This provides evidence for P1 Task 2 You must present labelled and annotated drawings of animal, plant, fungal, viruses, and bacterial cells. The key point for P2 is that the diagrams must be ones that show cells as seen through the electron, not light microscope. This provides evidence for P2 Task 3 List the components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as viruses. For each component describe its function in detail. This provides evidence for M1 Task 4 Describe how cell components co-operate and interact. Many cell components work together, for instance in the production and secretion of an antibody. Using this example identify which organelles are involved and what their role is. Describe the role and use of the electron microscope to find out the functions of these organelles. You may wish to present this as a small poster or flow diagram. This provides evidence for D1 Exam board is Pearson ALL ASSIGNMENTS I HAVE UPLOADED ARE DISTINCTION GRADED.
Description: Unit 15: Microbiological Techniques – Assignment 1 Comparing types of cells Task 1 You must present labelled and annotated drawings of plant, animal, fungal and bacteria cells. You may base your drawings on slides that you have made yourself, prepared slides, or diagrams that you have found from research. The key point for P1 is that the diagrams must be ones that show cells as seen through the light, not electron microscope. This provides evidence for P1 Task 2 You must present labelled and annotated drawings of animal, plant, fungal, viruses, and bacterial cells. The key point for P2 is that the diagrams must be ones that show cells as seen through the electron, not light microscope. This provides evidence for P2 Task 3 List the components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as viruses. For each component describe its function in detail. This provides evidence for M1 Task 4 Describe how cell components co-operate and interact. Many cell components work together, for instance in the production and secretion of an antibody. Using this example identify which organelles are involved and what their role is. Describe the role and use of the electron microscope to find out the functions of these organelles. You may wish to present this as a small poster or flow diagram. This provides evidence for D1 Exam board is Pearson ALL ASSIGNMENTS I HAVE UPLOADED ARE DISTINCTION GRADED.
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Unit 15 – Assignment 1 – P1
Light microscopy
Animal cell:
Plant cell:
Fungal cell:
Bacteria cell:
Unit 15 – Assignment 1 – P2
Electron microscopy
Animal cell:
Plant cell:
Virus cell:
Fungal cell:
Bacteria cell:
Unit 15 – Assignment 1 – M1
Organelle
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Secretory vesicle
Rough and
smooth ER
Cell Membrane
Nuclear
membrane
Function
Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which controls the activities of the cell
...
The nucleus is a membrane
bound structure which controls the cells growth and reproduction
...
It also
produces lysosomes
...
These are organelles composed of a lipid bilayer
...
They also function in metabolism and enzyme
storage
...
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules and flattened sacs
...
The rough endoplasmic reticulum produces membranes and secretory
proteins
...
In pancreatic
cells, the rough ER produces insulin
...
The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and
controls the movement of substances in and out of cells
...
It is made up of the
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
...
It does this by controlling what
enters and exits the nucleus
...
These membranes are connected however the protein compositions
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Centriole
Cilia and flagella
Nucleoid
(Prokaryotic)
Ribosome
(Prokaryotic)
differ
...
The lamina is a sturdy protein meshwork
which gives the nucleus its shape and structure
...
The nucleolus makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA
...
This is a dense structure of RNA and proteins
...
Ribosomes are divides into of two subunits, called the
large and the small subunit
...
These
subunits are usually separate in the cytoplasm until the small subunit and the
large subunit form a complete ribosome
...
This
energy is used to perform a number of activities in the daily routine of the cell
...
The
outer membrane is a selectively permeable membrane which surrounds the
mitochondria
...
The inner membrane folds inwards to form extra
surfaces for cellular respiration to occur
...
This absorbs light energy for photosynthesis to take place (contains
chlorophyll)
...
This action produces
energy in the form of ATP
...
Between the outer and inner membrane is a fluid called
the stoma, which takes up most of the chloroplast
...
The primary role of the centriole is to help with cell division in animal cells
...
Cilia and flagella move liquid past the surface of the cell
...
For cells anchored in a tissue, like the
epithelial cells lining our air passages, this moves liquid over the surface of the
cell
...
Some DNA will be in other sections of the cell, but the primary
material will be in the nucleoid
...
Nucleoids also contain
proteins and enzymes, which serve as biological catalysts, and house RNA as
well
...
Enzymes, meanwhile,
facilitate the replication and transportation of DNA strands to offspring
...
Prokaryotes do not have a membrane-bound, defined nucleus, so the nucleoid
functions as a less structured way for them to organize their genetic material
...
Bacterial ribosomes, for
instance, have about half of the amount of rRNA and one third fewer
ribosomal proteins than eukaryotic ribosomes have
...
Just like in
Cell wall
(Prokaryotic)
Capsule
(Prokaryotic)
Mesosome
(Prokaryotic)
Cilia and flagella
(Prokaryotic)
Envelope
proteins and
capsid
(Akaryotic)
RNA (Akaryotic)
eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic ribosomes build proteins by translating messages
sent from DNA
...
It determines what enters and exits the cell
...
These plasmodesmata let nutrients in whilst letting
waste products out and provides protection from harmful microbes and
insects
...
It
prevents cell-expansion by letting out excess water
...
The cell wall consists of cellulose, which
is a structural carbohydrate (or a complex sugar) used for both protection and
structure
...
Most prokaryotes contain some sort of a polysaccharide layer outside of the
cell wall polymer; this layer is called a capsule
...
A less
discrete structure or matrix which embeds the cells is a called a slime layer or
a biofilm
...
Mesosome is a convoluted membranous structure formed in a prokaryotic cell
by the plasma membrane
...
They also help in the equal distribution of
chromosomes into the daughter cells
...
It helps in
secretion processes as well as in bacterial respiration
...
The movement of these appendages allows the cell to move or to
fulfil specific tasks
...
Cilia are numerous
shorter projections located around the outside of a cell
...
For some viruses, the capsid is surrounded by lipid bilayer that
contains viral proteins, usually including the proteins that enable the virus to
bind to the host cells
...
The capsid and
envelope play many roles in viral infection, including virus attachment to cells,
entry into cells, release of the capsid contents into the cells, and packaging of
newly formed viral particles
...
These
structures also determine the stability characteristics of the virus particle, such
as resistance to chemical or physical inactivation
...
Viruses bind to
a specific protein or receptor on the surface of the cell that it is going to infect
...
The viral RNA
associates with the ribosomes that belong to the cell it is infecting
...
The viral proteins then
form new viruses
...
This copied RNA then gets packaged into the newly created viruses
that can cause the cell to lyse, or break open, and these released viruses can
infect other cells
...
Reverse transcriptase drives
the opposite way in molecular processes in cells, converting RNA back to DNA
...
It is needed for function in viruses, eukaryotes and
prokaryotes
...
In viruses, reverse
transcriptase allows the virus to insert its DNA to the host cell's DNA, forcing
the cell to make more viruses
...
Viral envelopes consist of a lipid bilayer that closely surrounds a shell of virusencoded membrane-associated proteins
...
Therefore, enveloped
viruses often exhibit a fringe of glycoprotein spikes or knobs, also called
peplomers
...
Reverse
transcriptase
(Akaryotic)
Lipid bilayer
(Akaryotic)
Unit 15 – Assignment 1 - D1
How cell components co-operate and interact
In order for cells to function and survive, their organelles work together to carry out specific tasks
and perform specific roles
...
This is called the Division of Labour
...
Translation - Using the code to make a chain of amino acids
Structure of tRNA:
The instructions to create a protein are found in a Gene in the DNA of a cell
...
This is called Transcription
...
The mRNA molecule will then travel to a ribosome (this may be located either on the
rough endoplasmic reticulum or in the cytoplasm)
...
The next stage is called post translational
modification
...
When the protein moves
from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, it does so in vesicles, which are taken off the endoplasmic
reticulum and then fuse with the Golgi apparatus
...
The vesicle may fuse with the
plasma membrane and secrete the protein
...
Part of the DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA
...
Before the transcription begins, energy must be added to the system
...
There are many steps to transcription:
1
...
The DNA molecule in the region of the gene unwinds
...
3
...
When
the end of the transcription unit is reached, the RNA polymerase dissociates, and the newly formed
strand of RNA is released
...
The genetic info contained in the mRNA is used to determine
the sequence of amino acids making the protein
...
The RNA strand leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore and then enters the cytoplasm
and attaches itself to a ribosome
...
The ribosome carries out the process of translation
...
These
are called codons
...
5
...
The second tRNA binds to the next
codon
...
The amino acid on the first tRNA (this is the start of the sequence) is joined to the the amino acid
on the second tRNA (V) by a peptide bond
...
5
...
6
...
It reads the first codon
...
tRNA with a complementary anticodon binds with the third codon
...
A peptide bond forms between the second and third amino acids
...
The ribosome moves along the mRNA and the next codon is read
...
The cell must be dead as it is held in a vacuum in
order to look at it
...
The cell is covered in gold
...
Because of
the high magnification, we are able to see what is happening in each organelle of the cell
Title: BTEC Applied Science Unit 15 Assignment 1
Description: Unit 15: Microbiological Techniques – Assignment 1 Comparing types of cells Task 1 You must present labelled and annotated drawings of plant, animal, fungal and bacteria cells. You may base your drawings on slides that you have made yourself, prepared slides, or diagrams that you have found from research. The key point for P1 is that the diagrams must be ones that show cells as seen through the light, not electron microscope. This provides evidence for P1 Task 2 You must present labelled and annotated drawings of animal, plant, fungal, viruses, and bacterial cells. The key point for P2 is that the diagrams must be ones that show cells as seen through the electron, not light microscope. This provides evidence for P2 Task 3 List the components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as viruses. For each component describe its function in detail. This provides evidence for M1 Task 4 Describe how cell components co-operate and interact. Many cell components work together, for instance in the production and secretion of an antibody. Using this example identify which organelles are involved and what their role is. Describe the role and use of the electron microscope to find out the functions of these organelles. You may wish to present this as a small poster or flow diagram. This provides evidence for D1 Exam board is Pearson ALL ASSIGNMENTS I HAVE UPLOADED ARE DISTINCTION GRADED.
Description: Unit 15: Microbiological Techniques – Assignment 1 Comparing types of cells Task 1 You must present labelled and annotated drawings of plant, animal, fungal and bacteria cells. You may base your drawings on slides that you have made yourself, prepared slides, or diagrams that you have found from research. The key point for P1 is that the diagrams must be ones that show cells as seen through the light, not electron microscope. This provides evidence for P1 Task 2 You must present labelled and annotated drawings of animal, plant, fungal, viruses, and bacterial cells. The key point for P2 is that the diagrams must be ones that show cells as seen through the electron, not light microscope. This provides evidence for P2 Task 3 List the components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as viruses. For each component describe its function in detail. This provides evidence for M1 Task 4 Describe how cell components co-operate and interact. Many cell components work together, for instance in the production and secretion of an antibody. Using this example identify which organelles are involved and what their role is. Describe the role and use of the electron microscope to find out the functions of these organelles. You may wish to present this as a small poster or flow diagram. This provides evidence for D1 Exam board is Pearson ALL ASSIGNMENTS I HAVE UPLOADED ARE DISTINCTION GRADED.