Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Lesson 1 - Smoking
When a cigarette is burned, a number of important substances are produced and drawn into the
respiratory system
...

Triggers lung cancer (abnormal cell division within the lungs)
Addictive and affects the heart rate
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Combines within the haemoglobin in the red blood cells to reduce the oxygen
carrying capacity of the blood
...


What diseases have now become associated with cigarette smoking?
Cancer, heart disease, strokes, lung diseases and diabetes are now associated
...


-Smoking can cause:





Lung cancer
Lots of other cancers (more risk)
More diseases
Problems in pregnancy (harms the development of the baby)

Lesson 2 – The heart
The heart is full of blood but like other tissues, heart muscle
needs its own steady supply of FOOD and OXYGEN
...
Instead blood is delivered to the heart
muscle by separate blood vessels call the CORNORARY
ARTERIES
...
The latter
prevents blood flow to the area beyond the blockage, depriving that area of food and oxygen
...
This is known as a HEART ATTACK
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Eat more unsaturated fats like oil…
Lifestyle and circulation

 A heart attack occurs when the coronary circulation is reduced (due to a blockage in one of the
coronary blood vessels
...

 DietFood containing saturated fats or that have been cooked in these should be avoided/reduced
...
Eat more fresh fruit and veg
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 ExerciseThe heart gets bigger with exercise and our lungs expand
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 SmokingNicotine increases blood pressure by making the heart pump faster and narrowing the blood
vessels
...

 StressWhen we become anxious or stressed, out body produces the hormone ADRENALIN which
increases our heart rate and blood pressure
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How long should you keep doing CPR in the event of an accident?
You should keep going until the person comes around
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When arteries harden, in some cases it causes pain, how can this be useful?
It can be used as a warning sign of a heart attack!
Why is it that some people can eat unhealthy and never have a heart attack in their life?
This could be because they could be quite fit or they may not have heart attacks in their genes
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A dome of rubber, placed over
the cervix and stops sperm
reaching the egg
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Male sterilisation
(vasectomy)
Female sterilisation

S

Pill

C

Morning after pill

C

S

IUD (intrauterine Device) M

Spermicides

Barrier Methods
Chemical Methods
Surgical Methods
Natural
Mechanical

C

The sperm ducts are cut and
tied, stopping ejaculation
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Vasectomy more common
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NOT A CONTRACEPTIVE
Taken after unprotected sex
to cause the contents of the
uterus/oviducts to be sent
out
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Chemicals that kill sperm,
always used with a
contraceptive such as
diaphragm or condom
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Not very effective as
ovulation time can
change
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100
100

100

N/a

98

N/a

Stop the sperm reaching the egg (ovum)
Stop the production of ova
Operation to permanently prevent eggs and sperm meeting
Relies on understanding the female cycle, not intervention
Stops egg implanting

STI (Sexually Transmitted Infections
How is it transmitted?
They are transmitted when body fluids mix during unprotected sex with an infected person
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NEW BOOK-CELLS
All living things are made of cells
...
He thought the tiny boxes looked like monk’s cells so he called them CELLS
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Part
Cell
membrane
Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Chloroplast
Vacuole

Function
Controls what substances can get into and out of the cell
...
In plant
cells there's a thin lining, whereas in animal cells most of the
cell is cytoplasm
...
Carries genetic
information
...
That is
not a good description and will not get you marks
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Contains a liquid called cell sap, which keeps the cell firm
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Chromosomes Found in the nucleus
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The DNA is the code determining a cell’s
characteristics
...
(One of each pair is inherited from

Found in
Plant and
animal
cells
Plant and
animal
cells
Plant and
animal
cells

Plant cells
only
Plant cells
only
Plant cells
only

each parent)

Specialised Cells
Cell
Sperm cell

How is it specialised
 Tail for swimming
 Small and streamlined for
swimming
 Enzyme package helps sperm
package enter egg
 Haploid nucleus contains half set
of chromosomes (23),
fertilisation of the egg cell gets it
back to full set (46)

Root Hair cell





Ciliated Epithelial Cell






Levels of organisation

No chloroplasts as there is no
light for photosynthesis
Cell has no waxy cuticle to allow
it to pick up water easily
Cell extension increases the
surface area of the cell to allow
it to pick up more water and
minerals

These cells are found in the
trachea of males and females
and the oviducts of females
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In the trachea, the cilia move
mucus and dirt away from the
lungs
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Genetics – Variation
The smallest group in the classification of organisms is species
...

Differences between individuals of the same species are known as variations
...
g
...
Other examples would be Neck length
and hair length
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This is
known as a normal
distribution curve
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This type of variation is known as discontinuous variation
...
A gene is a
short length of DNA and they combine to make up our chromosomes
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Variation can be influenced by our environment
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Diet can affect height, weight and other features
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Characteristics depend partly on genetic factors and partly on environmental factors
...
g
...


Genetic Facts
A cell is controlled by its nucleus
...


Chromosomes are divided up
into genes
...

Different genes control different
characteristics
...
g
...


Example
A fish gene is added to the DNA of vegetables so that they don’t soften as easily
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Medicines are in it also
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Plant structure and Photosynthesis
A flowering plant consists of a portion above
ground, the stem, and a portion below the
ground, the root
...
If this
bud is removed, the plant cannot grow any
taller but thicken out as growth will continue
from auxiliary buds
...
The region
between two nodes is known as an internode
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Plant organs
As with animals, plants are made of cells which are joined together with similar cells to form tissues,
Tissues in turn join with other tissues to form the major organs of the flowering plant, each with a
different function
...

Flower
This is the organ of reproduction
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Leaf
This is the organ of photosynthesis
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This anchors the plant in the ground
Absorbs water and minerals from the soil
Some roots store food e
...
carrot
The roots hold the soil together
preventing soil erosion

Stomata
When a plant is in the light, the leaf will be carrying out two processes at once:



Respiration - sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O (+ energy)
Photosynthesis

Plants therefore require two gasses:
Oxygen for respiration, and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
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What is the function of this waxy layer?
Clue: Why do some manufactures apply wax to the surface of their coats
Waterproofing – this waterproofs the leaf and stops too much water getting in and too much
water getting out
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Each pore is surrounded by two sausage-shaped cells called the guard cells which
control the opening and closing of the pore
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The evaporation of water from the leaf is known as transpiration
...
This movement of water and minerals up through the
plant is known as the transpiration stream
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On a rainy day, stomata on the upper surface could allow the leaf to flood
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Too many stomata on the upper surface could reduce the light entering the leaf for
photosynthesis

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