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Title: Immune System response to Influenza
Description: This is a degree level exam essay question answer outlining the response to Infection by Influenza. These notes would cover 1st, 2nd and/or 3rd year Biologists at University but for those A level students who are ambitious the notes would serve to be very beneficial too. These notes were used for examination by the University of Southampton.
Description: This is a degree level exam essay question answer outlining the response to Infection by Influenza. These notes would cover 1st, 2nd and/or 3rd year Biologists at University but for those A level students who are ambitious the notes would serve to be very beneficial too. These notes were used for examination by the University of Southampton.
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Q
...
Which evasion methods has the virus developed to
prevent elimination from the host?”
Viruses are extremely clever
...
Influenza is a single stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae
that has evolved to be able to evade elimination from the host, despite successful recognition of
its presence
...
RIG-I (retinoic acid inducible gene-1), a pattern recognition receptor (PRR)
is found within the cytosol and is a cytokine/helicase enzyme responsible for sensing this
triphosphate on influenza RNA, binding to it and cleaving it
...
Upon the formation of this complex, IRF3
(interferon response factor 3) is transcribed and can induce the activation of NFkB through
downstream signalling
...
These responses are sufficient to put the cell in an antiviral state
...
The recognition of double stranded RNA relies on TLR’s (toll-like receptors) present within the
endosome membrane, these include TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9, though TLR7 is most commonly
associated
...
Influenza is able to PREVENT the
ubiquitination of the CARD domain of RIG-I, (by TRIM25), this means that IFN (interferon) is not
produced
...
Essential to its virulence, is the NS1 gene of Influenza, which has been shown to inhibit the action
of RIG-I by binding to TRIM25, compromising its function
...
TRIM25 is a human protein recognises as crucial to the binding of the Influenza NS1 protein
...
It is now thought that the novel NS1 domain comprises of E96/E97 residues which mediate its
interaction with the coiled-coil domain of TRIM25, this blocks the TRIM25 multimerization and
RIG-I CARD domain ubiquitination
...
Influenza has also evolved properties to enhance its viral replication and inhibit the host’s cellular
mechanisms which try to prevent it
...
This further acts to block post-transcriptional export
of cellular mRNA’s but the enhancement of viral mRNA translation
...
The
recent appearance of the novel influenza H1N1 reassortant virus in the Mexican population spread
rapidly and highlighted the importance of innovative antiviral approaches
Title: Immune System response to Influenza
Description: This is a degree level exam essay question answer outlining the response to Infection by Influenza. These notes would cover 1st, 2nd and/or 3rd year Biologists at University but for those A level students who are ambitious the notes would serve to be very beneficial too. These notes were used for examination by the University of Southampton.
Description: This is a degree level exam essay question answer outlining the response to Infection by Influenza. These notes would cover 1st, 2nd and/or 3rd year Biologists at University but for those A level students who are ambitious the notes would serve to be very beneficial too. These notes were used for examination by the University of Southampton.