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Title: Organic Chemistry Notes
Description: Notes on resonance structures and molecular orbitals.
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Notes  for  Organic  Chemistry  Lesson  09/09/2018  
1
...
5  
(2) Polar  Covalent:  0
...
7  
(3) Ionic:  >  1
...
9  Hybridized  Atomic  Orbitals:  
you  combine  atomic  orbitals  (s,  p,  d,  f)  into  new  hybrid  orbitals  (sp,  sp2,  sp3)  
 
à  Methane  and  sp3  Hybridization:  
 

 
 
 
 

 
Note:  There  are  four  degenerate  sp3  orbitals  
The  2s  orbital  is  mixed  with  all  three  of  the  2p  orbitals,  creating  four  hybridized  sp3  orbitals  

 

à  spn  refers  to  atomic  orbitals:  
 
You  combine  atomic  orbitals  (s,  p,  d,  f)  into  new  hybrid  orbitals  (sp,  sp2,  sp3)  
 
A  hybrid  orbital  is  an  orbital  created  by  the  combination  of  atomic  orbitals  in  the  
same  atom  
 
Geometry  determines  hybridization  
 

Notes  for  Organic  Chemistry  Lesson  09/09/2018  
To  determine  the  hybridization  of  an  atom,  count  the  regions  of  electron  density  
(bonds  and  lone  pairs)  around  the  atom  and  match  this  with  the  corresponding  
hybridization  
 
Hybridization  was  introduced  to  explain  molecular  structure  when  the  valence  bond  
theory  failed  to  correctly  predict  them  (e
...
,  CH4)  
 

 
Hybrid  orbitals  are  used  to  describe  the  orbitals  in  covalently  bonded  atoms  
 
à  sp  hybrids  –  Linear  Structures  :  
 
H-­‐C≡N  
 
 
2  hybrid  orbitals  formed  by  the  mixture  of  ones  and  one  p  orbital  

 

Notes  for  Organic  Chemistry  Lesson  09/09/2018  

 

 
Note:  The  2p,  2s  labeling  before  hybridization;  the  front  and  back  lobes  after  hybridized;  the  
bond  angle  of  180  degrees;  the  2  before  the  H  2s  orbital  ;  
the  two  dots  that  are  in  the  bonded  molecule  
 

à  Sp2  hybrids  –  Trigonal  Structures:    
The  3  hybrid  orbitals  formed  by  the  mixture  of  one  s  and  two  p  orbitals  
 
The  small  amount  of  energy  needed  to  promote  an  electrom  from  the  2s  to  one  of  
the  2p  levels  
 
SO2  

 

 
à  Sp3  hybrids:    
The  2s  orbital  is  mixed  with  all  three  of  the  2p  orbitals,  creating  four  hybridized  sp3  
orbitals  

Notes  for  Organic  Chemistry  Lesson  09/09/2018  
2
...
8  Curved  Arrows:  
 
à  Two  rules  
 
2
...
10  Drawing  Resonance  Structures  via  Pattern  Recognition:    
 
à  5  patterns:    
(1) allylic  lone  pair  
(2) a  lone  pair  adjacent  to  C+  
(3) an  allylic  carbocation  
(4) a  Π  bond  between  two  atoms  of  differing  electronegativity  
(5) conjugated  Π  bond  enclosed  in  a  ring  
 
2
...
12  The  Resonance  Hybrid:  
2
...
 WHY?  
 

Notes  for  Organic  Chemistry  Lesson  09/09/2018  
 
 
 
The  lone  pair  is  participating  in  resonance  and  is  therefore  
delocalized
...
 
 
à  Localized  Lone  Pairs:    
 
They  do  not  participate;  in  other  words,  the  lone  pair  is  not  allylic  to  a  pi  
bond  

Title: Organic Chemistry Notes
Description: Notes on resonance structures and molecular orbitals.
Buy These NotesPreview