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Mitochondria:

Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus and posses •
membrane-bound organelles
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•

Cristae provide a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes and other proteins involved in respiration
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Many enzymes involved in respiration are found here
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•

Responsible for the production of the energy-carrier molecule ATP from respiratory substrates such as
glucose
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•

Example: Epithelial cells in the intestines require a lot of ATP in the process of absorbing substances from
the intestines by active transport
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•

Contains an organisms hereditary material and
controls the cells activities
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Controls the entry and
exit of materials in and out of the nucleus and
contains the reactions taking place within it
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•

Nucleoplasm: jelly like material that makes up
the bulk of the nucleus
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Double membrane around organelle to control the entry and exit of material
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They vary in shape and size but are typically disc-shaped
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Chloroplast Envelope: double plasma membrane that surrounds organelle
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•

Nucleolus: manufactures ribosomal RNA and
assembles the ribosomes
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The grana are where the first stage of photosynthesis occurs (light absorption)
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1
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•

Fluid of the stroma possesses all the enzymes needed to make sugars in the second stage
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act as a control centre of the cell through the
production of mRNA and tRNA and hence protein synthesis
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Retain the genetic material of the cell in he
form of DNA and chromosomes
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Manufacture ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
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•

Lysosomes hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells, such as white
blood cells and bacteria
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/ Digest worn out organelles so that the useful chemicals they are made up of can be re-used
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Two Types:
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•

•

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: has ribosomes present on the outer
surfaces of the membranes
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Ribosomes:

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: lacks ribosomes on its surface and
is often more tubular in appearance
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•

Cells that manufacture and store large quantities of carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids have a very extensive ER
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Two Types depending on the cells they are found in:

70S: found in prokaryotic cells and slightly smaller
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•

The proteins and lipids produced by the ER are passed through the Golgi
Apparatus
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These are small cytoplasmic granules found in all cells
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Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
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Cell Wall:
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Characteristic of all plant cells
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/ Cell walls consist of a number of polysaccharides such as cellulose
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Once sorted, these modified proteins and lipids
are transported in Golgi vesicles
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/ Provide mechanical strength to
the plant as a whole
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•

Their function is to:

•

Add carbs to proteins to form glycoproteins / Produce secretory enzymes /
secrete carbs / Transport, modify and store lipids/ form lysosomes
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/ Single membrane called the tonoplast
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/ They support herbaceous plants
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/ Pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects

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