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Immunity is the ability of an organism to resist infection
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Active immunity: produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individuals own immune system/ direct contact with pathogen and its antigen is necessary/ generally long lasting and is of 2
types:
•

•

Why vaccination might not eliminate disease:
Herd Immunity:
Arises when a sufficiently large proportion
of the population has been vaccinated to
make it difficult for a pathogen to spread
within population
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Natural active immunity: results from an individual becoming
infected with a disease under normal circumstances/ body produces its own antibodies and will continue to do so
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There may be so many varieties of a particular
pathogen that its almost impossible to develop a
vaccine for them all
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Vaccination

Artificial active immunity: forms the basis of vaccination

Vaccination is the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body, either by
injection or mouth
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The material introduced is called vaccine and in whatever form, contains one or
more types of antigen from the pathogen
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The crucial factor is that memory cells are produced = these remain in the blood and allow a
greater, more immediate response to a future infection with the pathogen
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There must be few side effects, if any from vaccination = helps stop discouragement
for vaccine
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Means of administering the vaccine at the appropriate time
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Vaccine Ethics:

Production of existing vaccines/ developing new ones uses animal
testing
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How should trials be carried out/ who should they be tested on
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