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C

COMBINED HEAT AND
POWER
327 MAE THERMODYNAMICS

[DATE]
[COMPANY NAME]
[Company address]

INTRODUCTION
Combined heat and power is also referred as Cogeneration, is defined as onsite electricity production and making usage of the heat which is produced as
byproduct during power generation process
...
Apart from
being an economical option it known reduced carbon dioxide emissions and
low operating costs
...

Wherever it is possible it is a better option to keep buildings connected in
terms of heat network, for example community heating, to generate greater
heat demand which could be fulfilled by a bigger CHP unit
...

In the UK, over the last decade the number of buildings that utilise CHP
systems are almost doubled with hundreds of installations generating an
electricity of 400MWe
...
Small
scale combined heat and power units are being used by majority of the
hospitals, military organisations, schools, leisure centers and hotels
...

The UK government has undertaken an initiative quite a while ago which is
known as Kyoto protocol which aims to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions
to significantly lower annual quantities
...
Since the environmental
objectives and energy savings of CHP are quite transparent and proven, it
has become vital for the government to make realise the potential of CHP
among the people and encouragement is being given through various

incentives by Combined Heat and Power Assurance Quality Program
(gov
...


COMBINED HEAT AND POWER
Combined heat and power is the concept producing heat and power in a
single process
...
Which
could be more advantageous over existing conventional power generation
units which has got lower efficiencies of 30 to 45 percent
...
01 CHP Energy Balance Diagram (cwp-ltd
...
The commonly
used fuels are natural gas, biogas, petrol and diesel
...
Power
generation plants are investing huge amounts of sum in cooling process,

implanting CHP system could potentially minimise those investments by
making effective utilisation of heat with reduce carbon dioxide emissions
...
However, the operating hours depends on the demand and type of
application
...
Generally, they
make use of Stirling engines
...
These type of CHPs are capable of producing outputs up to 2
MWe of electricity and typically uses spark ignition engines or micro turbines
for even lesser output
...
Typically, they use gas turbines or larger diesel engines
...
In general, on an average the
single unit of electricity price could be equal to five times of heat unit value
...


OPERATING PRINCIPLE

Fig
...
com,2016)
The principle of CHP system is simple, defined as to make effective utilisation
of the heat being wasted in power generation process
...
In this systems the input
energy is given by the fuel which is injected into the combustion chamber and
the air-fuel mixture drives turbine emitting the high temperature exhaust
gases
...


Fig
...
It mainly deals with Steam turbine
...


Fig
...


Fig
...
The operation is also explained as combined cycle
...
In case of internal combustion engines, the heat is recovered
from coolant jacket and exhaust gases
...


Fig
...


Fig
...
org,2014)
The concept of Heat to power ratio is very crucial in determining the
performances of various CHP systems
...
The below table illustrates the heat to
power ratios,

(Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2015)
The major strategies are involved in CHP operation,


The major objective is to accommodate the electricity base load and
heat output, any fluctuation or declination to be compensated by grid
supply and heat from backup boilers or additional firing
...


ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
The advantages and disadvantages of CHP system are classified according
to their configurations
Type of CHP
Diesel Engine CHP

Advantages
 Greater Power
efficiency
 An appropriate

Disadvantages
 Overall efficiency is
considerably less
 Fuel sensitive,

alternative as stand-

cheap quality fuels

by source

can impact the

 Lower investments
and less number of

performance
 Heat cannot be

accessories

used for high

required

temperature
requirements
 High maintenance

costs
Combined cycle

 Fuel efficiency is
optimum
 Less time required
for ideal operation
 Minimal impact on
environment

 In terms of part load
efficiency, it’s varies
from average to
moderate
 Fuel sensitive,
cheap quality fuels

 Flexible

can impact the

 Relatively lower

performance

investment
Gas turbine

 Excellent fuel
efficiency
 Lower construction
prices
 Less time required

 Sometimes the
efficiency less than
the real value
 Net workdone is low
since compressor

to deliver desired

consumes

output

maximum power

 Eco-friendly
 Flexible in operation

Steam Turbine

 Overall efficiency

 Excellent fuel

 Insensitive to the

efficiency

fuel quality, thus
makes it suitable for
low quality fuels
 No backup losses
 Cheaper energy
costs
 Less investment
required

 Quantity of water
required is more
 Restricted flexibility
 Less fuel efficient

CHP-UK
According to the published sources within two decades, majority of power
stations in UK needs to be replaced concerning the environmental impacts
and increase in demand
...
In UK about 49 percent of heat
accounts for energy needs, but not considered majorly
...
However, heat is said to be very important in context of fuel
dependency
...
In terms of energy security ignoring the heat factor misinterprets entire
energy sector in the country and there is no special strategy for thermal
development in the country
...
org
...
Combined Heat and Power is most efficient process
which makes use of unused heat from power generation process
...
In this manner CHP is capable of
doubling the output power
...
Across Europe
countries like Denmark and Netherlands their major power sources is CHP
...
org
...

The greater the demand for heat the greater it is economical for CHP
...
But very few industries
have implemented CHP
...
Therefore, it is essential to
increase the awareness of CHP in industrial sectors
...
Also CHP plants makes utilisation of the heat in contrast nuclear
plants depends on the cooling systems, still nuclear plants have greater
output only in electricity
...
In
addition, Nuclear Decommissioning Authority has increased its estimated cost
for nuclear waste management starts from around 73 million GBP
...

Therefore, in UK implementation of CHP in majority of industries would bring
carbon emissions, drastically down
...
Introduce new emissions norms to all the power
plants
...
powerguard
...
uk/combined-heat-and-power-chp
...
clarke-energy
...
UK [online] available from
...
uk/guidance/combined-heat-and-power> [23 October
2016]
Combined Heat And Power (CHP) | IGS Generation [online] available
from ...
com/distributed-generation/combinedheat-power/> [20 October 2016]

Combined Heat And Power Systems | Dynamic Energy [online] available
from ...
com/solutions/combined-heatpower/> [18 October 2016]
SECURING POWER [online] available from
...
org
...
pdf> [22 October 2016]
The Definition Of Cogeneration - Galp [online] available from
...
com/EN/Investidor/ConhecerGalpEnergia/Osnossos-negocios/Gas-Power/Power/Cogeracao/Paginas/Definicao-decogeracao

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Title: Thermodynamics
Description: Combined Heat and Power Research in the UK.

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