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Running Head: IRRIGATION

Design and Performance evaluation of a solar PV system for powering irrigation in isolated
regions
[Name of writer]
[Name of institution]

Irrigation

1

Abstract

Introduction: The utilization of photovoltaic solar energy in order to provide power to the water
pumps is a new expertise that consists of various issues
...
The
traditional pumps are known to be powered by electricity and diesel
...
It
further aims to explore the effectiveness of irrigation in different isolated areas
...
This is considered because they are highly reliable and environment friendly
...
It is
beneficial for rural areas due to increased exposure to sunlight
...

Methodology: The water requirement of plants is identified to be very different with respect to
time and it is mainly based on the plants growth
...
There are a few other factors that can be
considered important like the soil type and the conditions of climate
...

Results and Discussion: The daily global levels insolation and the average levels have been
evaluated by using the global solar radiation data that has been used already for measuring the
IMD region
...
It has been already identified that the installed solar PV system has an
ability of irrigating 0
...
There also seems to a need
for future research on technoeconomic feasibility for the lower capcity and low cost water
pumps for household
...
An energy efficient water pump is problem in several
countries
...
If the fuel is available in the country then the transporting of fuel to
the rural areas can be complicated
...

There are various components of solar photovoltaic water pumping system that can be
divided as electrical, mechanical and the electronic parts
...
The inclusion and synchronization of
various parts to make up a system similar to solar water pumping system indicates difficulty in
operation and it can result in poor overall performance
...
The complete cost of such an inclusive and complicated system of water pumping is
another barrier in selecting this method as a water pumping technique
...
There is a huge
scope of this research area and there are several opportunities of doing new work for making the
system efficient
...
The PV technology can be utilized on a
huge scale and it’s a pollutant free alternative to the fossil fuels
...
2010)
...
This is identified to be a
major issue for several developing countries (Aligh, 2011)
...
It is further known to have
improved performance and reliability
...
Apart from
this benefit, this system can bear the severe weather conditions along with snow and ice
...
2015)
...
(Sayigh, 2012)
...


Objectives


To determine the techno-economic feasibility of Solar PV Systems for improved
irrigations



To identify the key barriers that determines the wide dissemination of rural Solar PV
systems as an alternative to conventional methods for irrigation



To determine the effective implementation program that may broadly affect the
administrative criteria for PV system based irrigation in isolated areas



To enhance the performance of solar PV system for irrigation purpose



To explore errors that can affect the performance of solar PV system

Research Question


What are the barriers affecting performance of solar PV system?



What are the errors affecting the use of conventional technologies being used for the
purpose of irrigation?



How the performance of solar PV system can be enhanced?

Literature Review

Irrigation

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The PV (photovoltaic) production of energy is identified as a fundamental part of energy
creation
...
The PV
energy resource is considered important because of these benefits
...


Historical Background
The efforts that have been carried out to convert the solar energy into mechanical or
electrical started in abount 15th century
...
The first case of solar PV water pump has
been identified in the year 1964 in Soviet Union
...
The initial large scale PV
controlled pumping system was created first at an experimental level in the year 1977 in
Nebraska
...
8m3 each minute and could
be operated for 12 hours a day
...
These
methods were divided into two different groups
...
The direct methods of conversion are those which convert solar energy
into electrical energy
...

The author has shown that those methods which are used in the thermodynamic
conversion are not much efficient and they need high maintenance and these methods are
cheaper than the direct methods of conversion
...
It has been reported that for bore hole, the
progressive pumps of cavity are very efficient and economical
...
On the basis of the working principle, the authors have divided solar power pumping
system as solar thermal, solar PV and the different solar water pumping ways
...
(1993) research has informed us about the detailed designed and guidelines regarding solar
power pumping system
...
The reliability research and detailed
performance was carried out for about 2 years
...
The research further
concluded that the consistency of PV system with respect to working is very good
...
The studies that have been discussed above are
indicative but they are not elaborative
...
In this time period, the indirect category of
conversion, there are very less studies that have been reported in the technology of PV as a
source of water pumping
...
These systems
include solar PV array, charge controller, batteries, inverter, motor, pump, mounting structure,
wiring, storage tank, discharge tubing, and security fencing
...

Energy Storage

Electric power input

Basic types of pumps

Tracking of power
source

Battery coupled

DC

Solar Surface

mounted Fixed

SPV

panels

photovoltaic

water pump set

and arrays

AC

Solar Deep well pump set

Tracking SPV panels

photovoltaic

water

and arrays

pumping system
Direct driven

pumping system
Table 1: Types of Solar photovoltaic water pumping system

Irrigation

6

All of the arrangements related to solar photovoltaic water pumping system have the
disadvantages and benefits
...

Energy storage
The arrangement of solar photo voltaic system is mainly on the basis of electricity that is
produced in the battery bank or directly used for driving the pump
...
In the day time, the solar energy is
converted by the solar panels into electrical current which charges the batteries
...
The batteries that have been charged
in solar water pumping system can increase the duration of water pumping system
...
2006)
...
However, it is not allowed to use solar photo voltaic
water pumping system
...
The submersible and surface pump can be used in
this type of solar photo voltaic water pumping system (Carrasco et al
...

In the direct driven solar water pumping system, the electricity that is created by eth PV
module is directly supplied to the pump
...
If there is no
availability of backup power, the water is pumped by the system in eth day time during the
availability of sunlight
...
The major benefit of this system is
that it does not consist any battery, it is very simple, and cheap as compared to the battery
coupled system
...
The angle and
intensity of the solar radiation that falls on the PV panel is changed in the overall day time
...
Nevertheless, the efficiency of
this pump is very poor in the early morning and the late afternoon time that further results in

Irrigation

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pumping low levels of water
...
The appropriate pump matching and solar module is needed for the compensation
of these differences in the rate of flow and running of solar photo voltaic water pumping in an
efficient way in various circumstances of sunlight (Singh, 2013)
...
The
quantity of water that is pumped in the days of maximum sunlight can be stored in huge water
tanks from where it can be transferred to the small tanks of water according to the requirement
...

The storage of water for about two to five days is enough
...
It can be
transformed into alternate current by the help of an inverter
...
In the direct current type of solar
photovoltaic water pumping system, the pump of direct current is used
...
The conventional direct current motor makes use of carbon brushes for transferring the
electric power from PV array to the motor shaft
...
This results in the increase in cost of
maintenance and operation of the machine (Denholm and Margolis, 2007)
...
The brushless motor
uses induction and magnetic principle for transferring the PV power to the shaft of motor
...
It has an increased efficiency level, increased reliability, compact size, silent
operation and the lower requirements of maintenance
...

The alternate current water pumping system have a pump that is controlled by the AC
motor
...
However, the overall efficiency can be decreased due to the use of an inverter
...
The
synchronous and inducting alternate current motors are used for operating the pump (Denholm
and Margolis, 2007)
...
Similarly, the solar photo voltaic
pumps are divided on the basis of the type of pump that is used
...
The surface mounted pumps can establish
the high heads and they are useful for the movement of water up to longer distances and
increased elevations (Parida et al
...
These pumps are not used commonly because of the
suction limitation when used in the deep well as compared to the lift of a submersible pump
...
(Gopal et
al
...
A common ability of suction for the solar pumps is in between the 10ft to 20ft
...
These pumps are known to have an increased rate of
mechanical issues and failure due to the pulling water dynamics from a well
...
A major problem
with the surface mounted pumps is the issue of cavitation (Gopal et al
...

The reduction in efficiency because of the power loss in the shaft bearing and an
increased cost of installation is a major disadvantage
...
The water is
taken from the reservoirs by altering the ability of height
...
Many of these types of pumps utilize a single stage submersed
and centrifugal pump of irrigation
...
The support of solar panel PV array mainly includes wheel barrow or
handle type in order to allow transportation process (Gopal et al
...

The deep well pumps are also a type of machine that is mainly designed for operating
underground
...
They are not similar to the surface mounted system of pumping that
extracts the water from the ground
...
The diameter of a deep well pump is about is about 3m to 5m and its
length is about 2m to 4m
...
The motor drive is based on a single shaft and the remaining unit
contains a cable associated with a motor and a pipe that moves the water up to the surface along
with in a storage tank
...
This arrangement have specific benefits like
easy installation, flexible pipes and they are submerged in the water causing inhibition of water
from the potential damage
...
The deep
well pumps remain safe from the climatic conditions and make use of ground water as a priming
fluid
...
2006)
...
The solar water
pumps that have fixed systems of mountings, have the PV arrays that are mounted on the
metallic structures persuaded at a fixed angle of tilt
...
The fixed mounting system has a
decreased as compared to the tracking system of mounting
...

In order to increase the performance of solar photovoltaic water pumping system, it is
required to use of a tracking system
...
The PV modules are mainly
mounted on the metallic structures of proper strength and proper design with the capability to
handle the module load and increased velocity of wind up to 150 km each hour
...
The benefits
that are present in the structure are seasonal tilt angle adjustment and manual tracking of three

Irrigation

10

times in a day
...

A simple facility is also given so that the panel can be adjusted in a manual way about
three times a day in order to face the sun in an optimum way
...
This provision facilitates the motor pumps to
start initially in the morning and carry out the function in an efficient way till afternoon
...

The important components of the solar photovoltaic water pumping system belong to the
several engineering fields
...
Similarly, the PV panel, alternate current and direct current invertor,
controller of pump, batteries and the charge controller mainly belong to the field of electrical and
electronics
...
There is an interdisciplinary nature of the solar water pumping
system in which the researchers from small engineering fields are used for making an efficient
system
...


Performance and Effectiveness of Photovoltaic Water Pumping System
Chaurey et al
...
The research used a 0
...
There were seven locations in which these pumps were
located and they were Tripura, Haryana, Karnataka, western rajhasthan, Maharashtra, and nachal
Pradesh
...
All the immersed centrifugal
pumps were known to acquire maximum level of efficiency at the various parameters
...
Though, the
regular monitoring of the sub systems is needed for making the system reliable
...
There were three different
submersible pumps that were used on three different places
...
The short term tests were carried out to look for the characteristics
of the pumps in the daytime
...
In the same way, the
long term tests were carried out to identify the daily volume and flow rate of the pump for an
overall solar radiation
...
The genuine
performance of all the systems was identified to be 10% to 25% that is less than the claim of the
manufacturer
...

Resher et al (13385) have focused on the solar photovoltaic water pumping systems by
the computer modeling and experiments for the performance and efficiency in Australia
...
It has been reported that the MPPT in the direct current pumping system have
improved the size of solar array along with improving the efficiency of system
...
Yahya and Sambo (1995) have tested and designed the solar photovoltaic water pumping
system in order to replace the predictable alternate current water pump in Nigeria
...
5 HP induction motor and the 28 of
60WP solar modules that have are linked in series
...

Posorski (1996) completed a pilot project that was called as PVPP programme in Brazil,
Jordan, Zimbabwe, Philippines, Jordan and Tunisia
...
The research had an aim to establish
the technical maturity, ability and the effective cost use of photovoltaic pumping system in the
working conditions
...
In addition,
the PVPS can take the place of diesel pumps for the drinking water of community when they
take part in the maintenance, commissioning and installation of a system
...
The presentation of solar photovoltaic
water pumping system mainly depends on the solar irradiance on the solar panel
...
In order to acquire the complete
solar irradiance, the solar panel must be following the path of the sun
...

There are a few studies that have been carried out in accordance to these efforts
...
The initial pump set made use of a PV panel that
was placed on a huge passive tracking system
...
It has been concluded in the
research that the tracking system have given increased solar energy in an year and it further
increased the intensity level of irradiance at a level more than 800W/m2
...
In
addition, the cost of tracking system was also higher to satisfy an increase in the quantity of
pumped water
...
The PTS included warming Freon with the solar
energy in order to move the PV panel from the direction of east to west
...
Though, they
can pump only 15% of water
...

Bione et al (2004) have examined the solar photovoltaic water pumping system under the
climatic conditions of Brazil having fixed tracking and the tracking with the help of V trough
...
The research further
identified that the cost of water pumping by the tracking system and the concentrating system
have decreased 19% and 48% separately than the fixed system
...
41 in comparison to 1
...
In
terms of concentrating collectors, the ratio of benefit was 2
...
74 for the fixed
configuration
...
Kouetal (1998) have developed the methods of
simulation in order to predict the performance of directly associated photovoltaic water pumping
system
...
The simulated
results were acquired in the basis of using the several parameters on hourly basis
...
The simulation
results were compared from the model of TRNSYS and they were reported to be in a complete
agreement
...
The system used in the research had Dc converter, PV generator,
submersible pump and the AC inverter
...
The model further had a complete previously
created model along with the MPPT variable and law
...
It was further identified that
in the specific solar irradiance, output of PV generator output and the flow rate of pump mainly
depends on radiation
...
The experimental research has indicated that the
optimum performance of water pumping was made possible in mid-day
...

Arab et al (1999) carried out a research to carry out a comparison between the two
centrifugal pumps
...
There were four different locations selected in Algeria
where these pumps were placed
...

There were different tank capacities, load profiles and the two different PV modules having
different ratings and array configuration along with using the pumping head as an input
...
The multi stage pump is identified to be suitable and highly efficient for
the applications of high head
...
It is needed that that user has to select pump

Irrigation

14

activity in a judicious way to fulfill the daily water requirements from the output of solar water
pumping system
...

Jafar (2000) has developed the model to predict the rate of flow volume and the solar
photovoltaic water pumping system for any combination of the irradiance pumping head under
the climatic conditions of Fiji
...
It was identified from the research that the model was
closer to the experimental levels
...

Fraidenraich and Vilela (2000) have indicated about the method of utilization in order to
predict the performance of solar photovoltaic water pumping system
...
The flow rate of
volume of water pump mainly depends on the solar irradiance on the surface of photovoltaic
pump
...
The
results that were acquired by this point of view were confirmed with the calculated maximum
volume of water that is pumped by PVPS
...
It has been concluded that results
which were gained from both of the methods were in accordance with the complete deviance of
about 1
...

The ability of solar photovoltaic water pumping system mainly depends in the solar
irradiance and temperature but also on the level of water in a bore well
...
In order to minimize the friction loss, the pipe of a large diameter is
used
...
This can also result in the under use of extraction of water of a solar
photovoltaic pump (Narvarte et al
...

Narvarte et al (2000) have proposed a simple method for using the PV pump
manufacturer’s tool of graphics for calculating the maximum rate of flow from the pump that
causes differences in the level of water in the borewell
...
The

Irrigation

15

research further showed that results of planned process and the tool of software were in complete
coordination with each other
...
It has been identified that the photovoltaic water pumping system
was an efficient solution to fulfill the demands of water
...
His main focus was to
boost the involvement of manufacturers for the low cost device and the solar photovoltaic water
pumping system becomes more sustainable and economical
...
A European company installed and custom-built pumps
under the management of a local NGO
...
It was suggested by the authors that the local governing body was
required in order to take care of the maintenance and operation issues
...
Pande et al (32)
developed, designed and tested the solar photovoltaic water pumping system for a drip irrigation
system
...
The authors have
studied about the effect of pressure compensation and irradiance in the drippers on the size of
pump, requirements of water and the diurnal variation of the pressure of pump
...
4 to 3
...
This amount of
water can irrigate about a hectre of land area in two hours
...

Durusun and Yilmaz (2008) developed and created an internet based software program
for the acquisition of data, system of monitoring and the monitoring of complete performance of
solar photovoltaic water pumping system
...
The lifecycle cost was calculated in the research of both types of water pumping
systems
...
In addition, the use of solar photovoltaic water
pumping system facilitated the nomads living in deserts in order to acquire water and further

Irrigation

16

assisted them to get settled at a single place
...

Padmavathi and Daniel, (2011) explored the effect of employing the solar photovoltaic
water pumping system in each of the house of Bangalore city
...
These pumps
used to operate the whole day in order to fill the overhead tank
...
It was reported
that the solar photovoltaic water pumping system was reliable, simple, easy to operate, and the
free of pollution in the operation
...

The performance of solar photovoltaic water pumping system was evaluated by Mandal
and Naskar (2012) that consisted of diaphragm associated with DC motor and the 35 Wp solar
modules
...
These radiations are also measured input to the system and
output with respect to the current and voltage
...
The research has further
concluded that an increase and decrease in the rate of discharge with the radiation has been
following the similar configuration
...
Maurya et al (2013) has established an experimental model
of solar photovoltaic water pumping system under the climatic conditions of Nigeria
...
The association was also identified among the capital cost of solar
photovoltaic water pumping system, rainfall and among the depth of bore hole
...
In addition, the period of computation was
highly useful in order to approximate the cost of solar photovoltaic water pumping system in the
several developing countries
...
Nather, 2003)
...

The testing of these systems was carried out in USA
...
Similarly, Vick and Nolan (2005) explored the helical solar pump of 480
and 640 Wp PV penal rating at three different sites of 50m, 75m, and 100m
...
The solar photovoltaic water pumping system is identified to be economical and
beneficial for the small farmers and ranchers located in the underdeveloped countries
...
(2006) explored the economic stability of solar photovoltaic water pumping
system and the diesel water pumping system in the climatic conditions of Jordan
...
8 to 15 kWp
...
The remaining other two
systems were increased, and simulated systems of notion
...
A collection of five different diesel engine water pumping system of the
compared capacity was present in the remote areas
...
It
was identified from the research that solar photovoltaic water pumping system is highly
economical for the hydraulic energy but the diesel pumping system is highly economical for the
larger applications
...

Vick and Clark (2007) has explored the efficiency of solar PV powered pump of
diaphragm that was present at Texas
...
There were two pumps called as MHP1 and MHP2 were mainly used for the
decreased flow rates and less to moderate heads of pumping (3-70m)
...
The two different pumps called as Quad 1 and Quad 2

Irrigation

18

were mainly used for the moderate flow and shallow heads of pumping
...
It was concluded that
diaphragm pumps that were supplied at 1650 and 36501 day at the pumping heads of 70m and
30m in the respective manner
...

Parajuli et al (2014) have explored that the techno economical possibility of solar
photovoltaic water pumping system in Nepal
...
These alternates were solar photovoltaic water pumping system,
petro diesel and the jatropha based biodiesel in the region of Nepal
...
It was identified that
without any subsidy, the LWC per unit of pumping water used 50% biodiesel and 100% diesel
and it was 23% and 27%
...
In addition, it was found that the solar photovoltaic water
pumping system was highly feasible under the village conditions
...
It is important to irrigate the fields completely in
the flowering phase up to the maturity phase
...
In the recent research, the complete requirement of water has
been assessed for designing the system and the equation will be used
...
4-0
...
7-0
...
1

Late

0
...
7-0
...
09

5
...
22

9
...
01 8
...
57

4
...
59

4
...
045

(mm/day)
Table 2: Monthly Average Pan Evaporation Rate
Day-to-day Levels of Insolation
The output of power from the PV array is mainly based on the availability and insolation
of sun each day i
...
the sunshine hours present on a specific location each day
...
If the
changes of water is in the similar level of the complete year then the calculations of solar design
are mainly based on the month with the decreased insolation of the year
...
The month in which the ratio is huge can identify the finest
arrangement of PV in size W/m2
...
The PV array is placed in such a way that the sunlight is used to the maximum limit
which is the south direction
...

However, the different arrangements will create huge amount of power along with the significant

Irrigation

20

income of tariff
...


Identification of Tilt Angle
The tilt angle has been selected in relation with the location latitude
...

Selection and sizing of PV Module
The PV array has a specific size that is mainly calculated by making use of the below equation
...
6 X 106
Here,
E= required amount of hydraulic energy
Ρ = water density
G = gravitational acceleration
H = total hydraulic head
V = volume of needed water
After placing all of the above provided values, the equation is decreased as provided below,
E = 0
...
It
includes the cost of disposing, owning and obtaining of a system
...
It includes those expenses which are sustained in the life
time period of the systems
...

These reasons are to carry out comparison of the two different options of power and to
identify the cost effective design of the system
...
The cost of energy of a system is obtained by
adding the cost of yearly fuel
...
The salvage value of a
system is known to be the overall worth in the last year of the life cycle period
...
78

Feb

8
...
26

April

13
...
22

June

5
...
62

Aug

5
...
23

Oct

8
...
86

Dec

7
...
The solar rays are provided in the global radiation that are acquired by the horizontal
surface each day in accordance with the solar radiation meter
...
18

Feb

473
...
307

April

751
...
00

June

579
...
39

Aug

436
...
08

Oct

606
...
068

Dec

482
...
Thus, the solar rays of 680 W/m 2 and the
requirement of water of 17
...

Sr
...


Jan

6
...
18

0
...


Feb

8
...
24

0
...


March

9
...
307

0
...


April

13
...
37

0
...


May

17
...
00

0
...


June

5
...
39

0
...


July

4
...
39

0
...


Aug

5
...
44

0
...


Sep

7
...
08

0
...
Oct

8
...
43

0
...
Nov

7
...
068

0
...
Dec

7
...
64

0
...
= 540
Maximum water need of plant = 17
...
720 m3
Thus after using the equation 3,
E = 0
...
720
= 0
...
66 Wh/day
It is assumed that the complete sunshine is about 7 hours in a day,
Total watts of PV panel = 688
...
38
After focusing on the total system loss,
Total watts of PV panel = watts of panel / efficiency of system X Mismatch factor
= 98
...
30 X 0
...
08 W
Total number of solar panels = 74 W panels X 5 panels = 370 W power
Module size (mm)

924×659×35

Module weight (kg)

7
...
10

23

Irrigation
Short Circuit Current Isc (A)

24

4
...
8
Current at Maximum Peak Power Impp (A)

4
...
81
= 9
...
5 X 1000 X 9
...
8
LCCA (analysis of life cycle cost) Of the System
In order to get the analysis of cost of the systems, it is important to consider the following
factors
...
The cost of maintenance of a PV system is
considered to be 0
...
The cost of maintaining the diesel
engine is known to be 10% of the overall capital cost
...
The cost of 0
...
5 litres of diesel in an hour
...
02
hours each day
...
The net value in the last year of the PV system
life cycle is $103840
...
The recovery value of the diesel engine has been assumed to be 20% of
capital cost of the engine
...
of operating hours in an year
= 0
...
023 X 300 X 41
= 37041
...
No
...
5

4800

2

Maintenance cost (MC)

2724
...
17

760029
...
05

960

Life cycle cost (LCC)

132924
...
0

25

Table 7: System Cost Comparison by Life Cycle Cost Analysis

20 Years of Cost Analysis
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
Capital Cost

Maintenance Cost

Fuel/Energy cost

PV System

Replacement cost

Salvage cost

Diesel Engine

According to the above graph, it has been identified that the PV pumping system has an
increased initial cost as compared to the diesel pump
...
Though, in different remote areas, there are several
aspects like the operation and maintenance costs, and the cost of fuel is more for the diesel
system
...
The bar graph that is being presented in the above figure indicates that the
fuel cost of the diesel system is very high in comparison with the other costs that are present in a
system
...

The overall cost of the system in a period of 20 years lifecycle has been shown in the figure
below
...

It was identified that the installed system of solar PV had the ability of irrigating 0
...
72m3 each day
...
This is because the overall cost of PV system in the period of 20 years was
identified to be 138958
...
The cost of life cycle of
the PV system was 132924
...
The cost
analysis of life cycle was carried out in such a way that it was shown that the PV water pumping
system is highly economical option over the water pumping system
...
In this research, the published articles related to solar photovoltaic water
pumping system have been discussed
...
From this discussion, it can be concluded that solar
photovoltaic water pumping system is an important pumping system technique in the developing

Irrigation

27

countries for the supply of water and for the purpose of irrigation and drinking
...
This research has provided with a proper platform of researchers in
order to pursue the research in the field of solar photovoltaic water pumping system
...
This system has not been accepted
in many of the places due to instability and increased costs of the system
...
The facility has been developed by many people in order
to test the solar and PV operated submersible pump of water
...
These pups are needed for the
supply of drinking water for individual household and for the irrigation of small farmlands
...
(2011)
...
JJMIE, 5(3), 273-280
...
and Castro, J
...
Solar photovoltaic water pumping system using a new linear
actuator
...

Arab, A
...
, Chenlo, F
...
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