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Running Head: PV SYSTEM

Design and Performance evaluation of a solar PV system for powering irrigation in isolated
regions
[Name of writer]
[Name of institution]

PV SYSTEM

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This dissertation is an opportunity for me to extend my regards to my research supervisor, my
beloved friends, and my family for their untiring support that they furnished throughout my
research
...
It also
signifies my own views and does not closely relate to the university
...
It also represents my very own views and not
essentially those that are associated with any other university
...
1
DECLARATION
...
5
Aims
...
7
Research Question
...
7
Photovoltaic Cells
...
7
System Components
...
8
Aspects
...
15
Review Method
...
17
Critical Analysis
...
17
Search Strategy
...
19
Ethical Considerations
...
20
Results
...
24
Increase in PV Pump Efficiency
...
26
Conclusion
...
29

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Abstract

Introduction: The irrigation is known to be a well-established process on various farms and it is
being used across the world
...
Though, the typical system of irrigation makes use of large amount
of energy by using the conventional energy through generators and electric motors
...

Methodology: The qualitative literature review methodology is being used in this research
...
For establishing any search of literature, it is important to
comprehend any research and its role in informing the practice as well as questioning
...
It includes the information regarding the parts of topic
that have been searched along with the use of methodology
...
These studies have shown that there are various applications of photovoltaic energy in
the field of agriculture that gives electrical energy in different conditions specifically in the areas
that do not have availability of electricity
...

Discussion: The solar powered photovoltaic systems gives a solution of increasing the efficiency
of water in the field of agriculture by making use of the renewable energy system
...
This is identified to be an efficient solution for the
farmers
...

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the major benefit of PV pumps as compared to the engine
pumps is that they do not need any maintenance, fuel and they have a long useful life
...
The solar power is helpful
in dealing with the energy crisis and it is also environmental friendly
...
The solar panels are now being
utilized for powering the heaters, for the street lights and fulfilling other domestic loads
...
This technology is also used in the
irrigation systems for farming
...
It is a method of energy production that gives free energy after
making the initial investments (Harishankar et al
...

The generation these days is heading towards ultra technology
...

There are several resources that are being used by people to generate electricity including animal
power, solar energy, wind energy, hydro power and fossil fuels
...


Advantages of Solar Pump in Irrigation Area
The major advantages of a photovoltaic system are that it has decreased the operating
cost and physical labor
...
When a solar system is designed properly then it
does not requires any maintenance apart from the cleaning of these panels once in a week
...
These panels can be placed up to 20m away from the well or at a
place where water is required
...


Aims


To design as solar PV for the requirements in the isolated regions
...




To improvise the previous knowledge regarding the assessment of solar PV system and
its performance
...




To design a solar PV system to meet the irrigational demands
...


Research Question


What are the component ratings that can be implemented to suffice the long-term
objectives?



How to solve the basic issues that result in the loss of power for solar PV systems?



What can be the specific design for the powering of irrigation?

Literature Review
Photovoltaic Cells
These cells are the devices that capture the light and transform solar energy into
electricity
...
These frames are considered as the panels or solar modules
...
The PV cells are composed of silicon wafers
...
After
the absorption of sunlight by these materials, the electrons are loosed from the atoms due to solar
energy that facilitates the electrons to move through the materials in order to create energy
...


PV Applications
There are many applications of the solar panels
...
They are used for household and rural purposes like

PV SYSTEM

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lighting
...
The panels are further used for telecommunication
purposes and water pumping systems
...
The panels are further used to create energy for cold chain systems in rural areas
...
The world health organizations
(WHO) supports those programs that have solar power for the medical purpose (Palma, 2015)
...
Many solar panels are connected with each
other for creating the DC electricity (Yalla, 2013)
...
The second part is the water pump
...
The solar pumps are present in different capacities that mainly depend on the water
requirement
...
The support structure
gives stable condition to the solar panels and protects them from natural calamities
...

The process of tracking increases water output and it helps the panels to face the sun because it
moves across the sky
...
The earthling kit is given for safety purposes in the condition of
lightening or short circuit
...
2013)
...
The standard fitting of plastic and half inch piping associates these elements for a
water saving tank of 500 to 1000 L
...
There is some need of multiple filters for the protection of pump and decrease clogging
in tubes and sprinkler emitters
...
2014)
...
5 to $3 per watts
peak
...
In order to use the solar energy in an optimum way, the PV system
the ground water pump and the water distribution systems are needed to be matched completely
...
This is identified
by an association among the efficiency of pump, overall head and the discharge flow
...
The positive pumps of
displacement are needed for the large heads and the centrifugal pumps are used to provide in
small amounts
...
5 (Dursun and Saygin, 2005)
...
In addition, the magnitude of STC mainly depends on
the technology of module
...
There have been various efforts made that have
measured the performance of PV modules but further research is required in the field of PV
systems
...
The studies are
mainly based on DC motors because the energy that is being acquired from the solar panels is
direct current (Dursun and Saygin, 2005)
...
, 2004)
...
,
2004)
...
, 2003), less cost of
operation
...
The main advantage of using a wireless sensor is to
decrease piping and wiring cost
...
The pump energy that is mainly used for the
agricultural process of irrigation is mainly provided from fossil fuels or the electrical energy
...
The solar
energy is considered as an alternative energy source for the different countries like Turkey that
have an increased amount of solar irradiation rate
...
In the summer season, the acquired
amount of solar energy is increased and the water requirement of trees is also increased
...

The cost of solar PV is almost half the cost of diesel within three to four years
...
A few telecom towers are located in the semi urban and urban areas but most of
the urban towers are present in rural areas and they are being controlled by the diesel producing
sets
...

The solar pumps of water are considered to be a luxurious technology at times, that is not
durable and is not able to pump enough water
...
For example, the submersible pumps
have an ability to pump about 200m heads
...
For instance, these pumps can transfer
about 10,000 liters of water up to a distance of 100m or the 20,000 liters of water up to a distance
of 50m each day
...

These pumps require services in about 3 to 5 years
...
The ‗genset‘ can be used in order
to pump up the additional amount of water with the similar pump in the overcast or night days
...
In
addition, the solar pumps are also identified to have the following provided features
...
Some of the

PV SYSTEM

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pumps can run all day long and they are useful for boreholes
...
In many of the cases, a solar pump is identified to be a perfect substitute for
diesel which needs operation of funds, investment of time for operation of pump and logistics of
fuel
...

There are no risks of borehole contamination and they provide clean solutions (Dursun and
Ozden, 2010)
...
There are various attempts that have been made for monitoring,
improvement and evaluation of the several components of a PV system
...
, (2012) worked on a battery, Vick and Clark, (2011) worked on the
pump and the pump motor
...
There are some of the factors that are needed to be considered for an
optimum design of PV system in order to acquire the reliability of system in a specific
environment
...
It is a technique which is a
combination of water requirements, center pivot irrigation, soil moisture status, PV array output,
and energy storage is needed for the assessment of center pivot irrigation system in the context of
reliability
...
The environmental conditions that are present outside the laboratory will result in
decreasing the performance of PV
...
, 2005)
...
An efficient use of solar energy is when the solar
panels are associated with the load
...
Water can be pumped in daytime by having a
direct association between the pump and the PV array
...
Therefore, the electrical energy
obtained from the panels is transformed into the potential energy that can be used on demand by
gravity (Hamidat et al
...
In addition, the complete efficiency of sunlight is identified to be

PV SYSTEM

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higher than 3% (Daud and Mahmoud, 2005)
...
This system is identified to be
successful when it is implemented over the bore holes because they pump over the complete day
...
This system needs minimum maintenance and care because it can be
started on its own
...
This system determines regarding the application and feasibility of solar PV in
order to give energy to the pumping needs for sprinkle irrigation
...
, 2014)
...
In the economic perspective, the PV
pumping system for one season irrigation is expensive than the diesel engine pumping system
because of an increased cost of PV module and its parts (Haque, 2001)
...
The major benefit of this project is the
optimization of power use by resource management of water and the saving of free subsidiary
energy of government
...
, 2013)
...
Even if the fuel is available in the
country then it is difficult to transport the fuel to remote areas
...
The use of renewable energy
is very attractive for the water pumping applications in the different remote regions of several
developing countries
...
The cost analysis of life cycle
includes both the systems that show that the PV water pumping system is a highly economical
selection over the diesel water pumping system (Narale et al
...
Cuadros et al
...
The feasibility is focused not only in
terms of PV system cost along with the land area that is needed for the implementation
...
In the same way, Kelley et al
...
An important issue about the use of solar panels for creating power is the
amount of panels needed and the area they would occupy
...
This indicates that there is a little amount needed on a two acre plot
for panels
...
Some important aspects are considered for
the pumping requirement calculation
...
These aspects are considered to be affecting the feasibility of
these systems
...
, 2011)
...
There have been several feasibility
studies which have assessed the technical or the economic feasibility of PV irrigation
...
Those studies that focused on the
systems related with the requirements of power on the order of 1 kW have been conducted in
different countries across the world like India, Namibia and Jordan (Meah et al
...
It has
been identified by the literature that PV irrigation system is a technically reasonable for the small
systems that are of a single acre (Kelley et al
...
The solar pumps are known to be very
successful in Asia and Purohit and Michaelowa, (2005) stated that there were about more than
7000 pumps in the operatio across Asia
...

Increasing costs of diesel suggest that the pumping by the help of solar pumps is identified to be
an economical idea
...
There are PV systems that depend on the storage of battery for the
power of lights and other appliances at night time
...
In the absence of batteries, the
PV pumping system is identified to be very simple and it has only three different parts
...
The only component of the system that is
moving is the pump
...
The life of several pumps can be of 5 or more than ten years
...
The local labors can also perform this job
as well (Aligah, 2011)
...
It is the ability of these pumps to pump about 40-100 m3 of water each day in order to
fulfill the daily demand of people who live in those areas
...
This
system is identified to be compact, reliable, portable and economical
...
In addition, it also causes less damage to the
environment along with decreasing the utility from an extra load
...
Moreover, it can also be used like a worldwide solar based
controller for controlling the building doors, air-conditioning, control systems and the water
heaters (Ali, et al
...

The technology of solar water pumping is available at commercial level and it has proved
the different records of reliability, needs minimum manpower after initiation of work and the
cost of maintenance is also identified to be affordable and minimal
...
These systems are also known to be have a long
working and a reliable friendly life (Yingdong et al
...
A major advantage of using the solar
energy to pump water is that the huge amount of water is needed during day time and at the same
time, the maximum energy is produced by PV panels along with the huge quantity of water
...
The PV systems for the pumping of underground water are also

PV SYSTEM

15

being used in the Upper Egypt region which also indicates that the cost of water unit that is
pumped by PV systems is less than the pumping used by diesel systems (Yiu et al
...

There are certain limitations of using the PV pump
...
The maximum capacity that is present with the use of solar
panels is very low
...
The yield of water of the solar pump is changed with respect to the sunlight
...
Therefore, it is
required to operate the pump during afternoon
...
The PV system must be
protected from being theft or other natural hazards like rain or lightening
...
The main purpose of the study was to locate the
information or knowledge on any particular topic for recognizing the study parts for future
...
The main argument for this
particular research study is to carry out a review to examine the design and performance
evaluation of a solar PV system for powering irrigation in isolated regions
...
The literature review
means identification of documents and the articles that are published or unpublished on the
specific topic
...
Silveira et al
...
The literature is not only a summary of different studies but it has a specific
pattern of organization which consists of synthesis and summary
...
In
addition, it also indicates about the research gaps and the further research that must be carried
out for providing the evidences
...
A literature review facilitates in providing more than a critical appraisal of the articles
...
The gaps in the
knowledge base are needed to be identified along with the weakness and strength of the previous
studies
...
After getting an understanding about the
previous research, the conclusion and results of a previous research can be compared by the
previous results
...
The main
aim of literature review is to summarize the literature that is present on any of the provided
topics
...

The literature review is known to be a type of research which has an aim to provide the
credible recommendations for research
...
The
literature review is known to be a complete research methodology
...
The detailed knowledge of field
literature is important for many of the research papers (Polit & Beck, 2013)
...
An
important way of dealing with the research problem is to focus on how different people are
dealing with it
...
The use of photo voltaic or the solar power pumps for
irrigation of water is identified to be a useful method
...
The
limitations of the current practice can also be identified
...


PV SYSTEM

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Qualitative Design
The major point in this specific research is to carry out a review in order to explore the
solar PV requirements in the water pump irrigation
...
It is useful to
examine the different projects
...
It further facilitates in the refining of research and adds a
primary hand to it
...
Creswell (2009) stated that the qualitative research
consists of the exclusive steps about enquiry and analysis with the researchers interpreting about
what they hear, understand and see
...
In comparison to the quantitative research, the qualitative research is very subjective
and it is mainly based on the several methods of collection of information
...


Critical Analysis
The critical analysis is central process of any research study
...
It is a complex,
intellectual activity involving analysis and constructive criticism on the material, formerly
gathered
...
It
is an ability to answer and ask the critical questions at a specific time and it desires to use the
critical questions actively
...
Without a critical appraisal and systemic literature any academic study cannot be
applied to a methodology or in any way put in to the knowledge (Hart, 2005)
...


Literature Search and Sources
The search of literature is a basic element of writing a literature review
...
The literature search is a fundamental part of any
research and it can be carried out in a manual way or by the use of computer technology
...
They further facilitate in providing the
useful information as a guide to convey the research information
...
The updated information can
also be provided by the journals on a particular topic
...
The professional journals consists of several
sources of information
...
They include the subject area in a
thorough way and provide with the clarification of the theoretical argument and discussion
...
Along with the increase in the use of computers, the electronic search is
identified to be an important part of the search strategy (Aveyard, 2007)
...
This method of search gives a reviewer with a list of abstracts or the bibliographic
information
...
The electronic databases are considered to be time saving because the record in computer
is present a month before they are appeared as a complete form
...

The keywords are known to be an important concept or the research variable for a
specific topic or a research problem
...
The keywords in this
research are ―photovoltaic power systems‖, ―photovoltaic pump‖, ―rural development‖, ―solar
pump‖, and ―irrigation technology‖
...
The Boolean search is a common way to search the
phrases or phrase in the database
...
The Boolean search consists of terms like ―AND‖, ―OR‖ and ―NOT‖
...
The term ―NOT‖ is used for the search of one idea but not another in a similar citation
...
The Boolean search has been used in this study to extract the related
terms or phrases that facilitate the searching
...
It is because the relevant literature can be categorized by using the different keywords and
they cannot be identified by one specific searching strategy (Aveyard, 2007)
...

The wide range of keywords may have excessive search results but a particular keyword can
provide the improper results
...
It is stated by Aveyard (2007) that
criteria is needed to be planned for the search of literature and making sure to not to be
sidetracked with the data that is not relevant to the research
...
However, these studies make use of various sample
collection methods, operational definitions, specific research designs and the particular
methodology (Hart, 2005)
...
Generally, the literature must have a relatively broader criteria of inclusion
...

The selection criteria of inclusion studies must be clear for protecting from the bias
...
In this condition, the author has interpreted the work of an individual who have
introduced their own point of views and perceptions (Burns and Grove, 2010)
...
The search of literature will only
include the material that is published in English language and due to this reason it will not be an
issue to reject any search due to the reason of translating complications
...
The criteria of exclusion had those studies which has not been
published as the complete manuscripts or that are not present in the peer review literature
...
In addition, those
studies which were the conference papers or the government reports were also not present in
search of literature
...


Ethical Considerations
The researchers have always been struggling with the ethical issues in eth designing of
studies that are ethical and methodology rigorous
...
The major ethical issues that are included in many of the
guidelines are respect for human dignity, justice, beneficence and non-maleficence (Polit and
Beck, 2013)
...
Hart (2005) has stated that it is
needed to make sure that the research findings of all the people are present in and honest and fair
manner
...
The
potential conflict of interest and publication bias is also needed to be examined for the
dissemination of opinion and rationalization of result
...
However, from the
published literature, the comprehensive search for the appropriate articles includes by the means
of a strategy for systemic review for the purpose of avoiding the bias
...
Though, there are no
unpublished or negative studies as it the occurrence of these studies is also possible
...
(2010) carried out a research that indicates about the utility interface solar
power converter for supplementation of the lack of grid power supply for the water pumping
system that is used in rural areas
...
The model of this system has been created for the optimum operation and the
prototype solar power converter has been created to operate a half hp pump motor
...
It has been carried out in a 60% to 70% of the grid power saving
...
In this research, a design procedure is explained that made use of energy demand structure,
hydrological data, and solar radiation levels at the location as input parameters are explained
...
In this research, a simulation program has
also been used in order to estimate the long term performance of PVP systems
...
The information gained from the simulation is mainly
used for developing an economical final system layout
...
(2012) carried out a research where it was stated that the Bangladesh is a
region in which the energy disaster is considered as an important issue and the country do not
have any problem of sunlight (~4
...
This country is not much successful in
making use of the solar energy in order to give electricity for local residents
...
This
research mainly deals with the analysis of performance and design of a DC photovoltaic water
pumping system
...
There are
different methodologies to increase the efficiency level of the system
...
At the final stage, the DC-DC buck converter is
being designed and it has been created to provide an increased performance of the system
...
All
of the parts in the system are acquired from the local market of Bangladesh and the overall cost
is also decreased as a result
...

Kumar and Singh (2014) conducted a research regarding the application of single ended
primary inductor convertor present on the PV system of water pumping
...
The soft starting of BLDC motor is acquired by the control of SEPIC with the incremental
conductance maximum power point tracking (INC-MPPT)
...
Apart from this, SEPIC is controlled as a DC-DC buck boost convertor that can increase
or decrease the input voltage level present at the output
...
The steady state and dynamic
performance of the BDLC motor associated to the centrifugal water pump controlled by the SPV
array, SEPIC is evaluated
...

Meah et al
...
The electrical distribution lines are not present in different parts of the villages,
ranches and farms
...
Therefore, the availability of electricity to the small projects of water pumping
are not attractive economically
...
There are several western states like Wyoming who are facing drought from six
years and there is lack of water for several applications
...
The surface of water is
also affected in the condition of drought and it takes more time to create an effect on the
underground aquifers
...
The author
further stated that there are various advantages over the traditional systems
...
The solar systems are identified to be environment friendly, without any
fuel cost, and lack of maintenance
...
This research
also gives economic, environmental, and technical advantages of the SPV water pumping system
as compared to the electric utility and the stand alone generator
...
(2014) conducted a research in which the solar photo voltaic system
that is providing power to OEWIM (Open-End Winding Induction Motor) by the help of a dual
inverter
...
The inverter controlled motor is selected because it needs low voltage that can
facilitate in arrangement of PV modules that can avoid the large strings
...
In order to decrease the zero sequence current in
the SAZE (Sample-Averaged Zero-sequence Elimination), the technique of PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) is adopted
...
This decreases the loss of switching and the efficiency level can be increased
that is known to be an important factor which must be considered in a PV system
...
The tuning of
modulation index is carried out by the help of MPPT process that is known as Maximum Power
Point Tracking
...
The research further consists of an explanation about the control process for the
acquired system and its simulation results under different conditions of environment
...
81
= 9
...
5 X 1000 X 9
...
8

Discussion
Increase in PV Pump Efficiency
According to the research of Singh et al (2010), the traditional technology that is being
used for accessing water from the available sources like open well or bore well water pump for
lifting water and storing it in the overhead tanks
...
However, an increased cost of fuel
that is being used by the DG set and non-availability of proper grid supply have allowed the
scientists and engineers to look for an alternate energy resource for producing electrical power
(Lindgrin, 2002)
...

The solar cells are expensive but the efforts are being carried out to make it affordable to use for
the conversion of power but also for creating the roof cover or exterior wall of the water pump

PV SYSTEM

25

house or the farm house
...
Moreover, it is not possible to expand these resources due to several economic and
technical reasons
...

In the research of Singh et al (2010), the investigations have been made for developing
the solar power convertor as a modified and an alternative source to grid for the agricultural and
the household applications for rural areas in villages
...
This
system can also be managed up to a higher rating in an effective way
...
The feature
of load power and adaptability of inverter and PWM control strategy provides with the constant
efficiency with an increased value and less than THD value which is not associated with the
different level of load demand and the soar isolation
...
The time step simulation is a tool
that is being used for the pumping of system analysis and optimization of design
...
The checking of system that is designed in this work by the help of time step
simulation is made possible to differentiate the behavior of system by changing the irradiations
...
This ideal
design can be considered as impractical if the theory is highly complicated
...
The solar PVP system installers require simple guidelines of design or an easy
way of using the integrated model of computer
...
An increase in the size of solar

PV SYSTEM

26

PV generator can accomplish the system issues overall in the year but it can result in severe
increase in the system cost
...
There are three different types of pumps according to the applications
...
A submersible pump is one that extracts
water from wells, shallow wells, ponds, rivers, lakes and the springs
...
There are different types of pumping with respect to the pumping
principle
...
In addition, the casing allows the liquid to the outlet
along with the rotation of impeller
...
The
screw pumps are those in which a screw is stored in the liquid in the suction area of the pump
casing and it also forces it in the outlet
...
The piston pumps are those
in which the motion of these pistons brings water in a chamber by making use of the inlet valve
and moves it outside by using the outlet valve
...
There are
different types of motors which are available in the market
...
The
arrangement of PV pump can be associated directly with the motor in a condition when the
application requires DC motor
...
The pump and motor are created in
combination for the floating and the submersible systems
...
It is important to use the PV controller along with using an AC
motor
...
Moreover, it also provides with the motor and pump with an optimum current

PV SYSTEM

27

and voltage for the site conditions
...
The controller further provides protection to the pump from running dry and causes
conservation of water by turning off the system after the tank is full
...

The main aim of the final output of design and installation is to give sufficient water to
the crops and livestock
...
The
system design initiates from the information about the requirement of water for a specific
application, characteristics, water sources and the facilities of storage
...
The unnecessary overflow of water can be handled easily by making use of a
storage tank and an automatic float switch
...
The system of solar water pumping must
provide enough water across the year
...

The sizing of pump requires three different types of information like requirement of
water, overall water head, continuous flow of water, and the rate of recharge of the well
...
In this process, a complete cloudy day can be covered in the 20 days but the tank must
be full for storing extra water
...
The total requirement of
power can be initiated from the selection of pump and the traditional design of practice needs
about 20% power in order to secure the complete flow of water
...


Conclusion
It can be concluded that the photovoltaic systems are mainly designed to provide
irrigation in those areas where supply of electricity deficient
...
In addition, there is no contamination of these pumps takes place and it is very
easy to install them
...
The maximum requirement time of water matches with the
maximum sunlight
...
These pumps have the ability to pump up to a distance of about 200m head with an output
of about 250 m3 each day
...
They can supply about 1kWp for irrigation and about 3kWp for the village
water supply
...

It has been estimated that the potential for solar PV pumping of water for different regions across
the world is 9 million to 70 million PV pumps which is equivalent to about 255 billion litres each
year of diesel savings
...
The peak
requirement in the irrigation system season is double as compared to the average demand
...
The system of
distributing water to the irrigation and its application requires attention
...


PV SYSTEM

29

References

Abu-Aligh, M
...
Design of photovoltaic water pumping system and compare it with diesel
powered pump
...

Achaibou, N
...
, & Malek, A
...
Modeling of lead acid batteries in PV
systems
...

Al-Ali, A
...
, Rehman, S
...
, Al-Omari, M
...
, & Al-Fayezi, M
...
Usage of
photovoltaics in an automated irrigation system
...

Anis, W
...
, & Metwally, H
...
(1994)
...
Solar Energy, 53(4), 369-377
...
D
...
A
...
(2014)
...
4)
...

Aveyard, H
...
Doing a literature review
...
J
...
(2015)
...
Oxford university press
...
, & Grove, S
...
(2010)
...
Elsevier Health Sciences
...
W
...
, & López-Rodríguez, F
...
, Coello, J
...
Solar energy, 76(4), 465-73
...
, Borenstein, D
...
S
...
Mass customization: Literature review
and research directions
...

Daud, A
...
, & Mahmoud, M
...
(2005)
...
Renewable Energy, 30(5), 701-714
...
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