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Integumentary System
It consists of the Skin, Hair and Nails, glands and nerves
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Retain body fluids
Eliminate waste products
Maintaining internal conditions
Protect against disease
Regulate body temperature
It works with all the other systems of your body, each of which
has this role because human body needs to function properly
...
6ºF)
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SKIN
The skin has many different functions which are:
HEAT REGULATION
COOLING ITSELF DOWN through:
WARMING ITSELF UP through:
Sweating: Tiny glands release sweat into the
Decreased sweat production
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Sweat evaporates, drawing heat
Vasoconstriction: Blood vessels constrict, it
from the body cool down
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Heat in the blood of conserved
sweat per day
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Vasodilation: Blood vessels dilate and this
Goosebumps: The arrector pili muscles
causes blood to rush to the capillaries in the
contract and cause the hairs and stand on end
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Heat disappear through
Shivering: Our muscles contract more
radiation and skin appears pinker and
frequently to create heat within the body
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SKIN
The skin has many different functions which are:
SENSATION
• Dermis contains nerve ending that are
known as cutaneous sensory receptors
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• Lips and fingertips are extremely sensitive
areas of the body
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Bacterial invasion:
• Skin secretes acidic substances which form an acid mantle which inhibits
the growth of bacteria
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SKIN
The skin has many different functions which are:
PROTECTION
Dehydration:
Keratin forms a waterproof barrier which prevents water from passing into
and out of the body
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Chemical
damage:
Skin acts as a physical barrier to many potentially harmful substances
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SKIN
The skin has many different functions which are:
PROTECTION
SKIN
The skin has many different functions which are:
ABSORPTION
• Skin is a waterproof, protective barrier, but certain substances can be
absorbed such as:
• Fat-soluble substances such as Vitamins A, D, E and K
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• Drugs used in transdermal patches, such as nicotine patches
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• Essential oils used in aromatherapy
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g
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SECRETION
• Sebaceous glands found in the skin secrete sebum
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SKIN
The skin has many different functions which are:
SYNTHESIS of VITAMIN D:
• Skin contains cholesterol molecules which with
sunlight are converted to calcitriol, an active
form of vitamin D, which is a pro-hormone that:
• Helps regulate the calcium levels of the body
• Necessary for the growth and maintenance of
bones
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• 8-10% of the body’s total blood flow is in the dermis of a resting adult
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reservoir
• Strenuous exercise, dermal blood vessels constrict, so that more
blood can circulate to the muscles
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ANATOMY of the SKIN
• Dermatology is the study of the skin
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Dermis
• Lies beneath it and has a thicker layer that contains nerves,
blood vessels, sweat glands and hair roots
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It is waterproof and protective layer
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• A thicker layer supports the epidermis
above it by enabling the passage of
nutrients and oxygen
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ANATOMY of the SKIN
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
layer
ANATOMY of the SKIN
Skin is a cutaneous membrane of two distinct layers:
TISSUE TYPO
Subcutaneous
(hypodermis or
superficial fascia)
Areolar and adipose
tissue
DESCRIPTION
It is not consider part of the skin, but:
• It anchors the skin to the other organs
• It provides shock absorption and
insulation
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• The follow cells are found in these layers:
Keratinocytes
90% of epidermal cells and they produce protein called
(“kerato” = horny): keratin, which helps waterproof and protect the skin
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• It contributes to skin colour and absorbs ultraviolet light
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EPIDERMIS
• It composed of five layers of stratified squamous epithelial tissue that
becomes tough and hard through a process called keratinisation
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• The follow cells are found in these layers:
• These arise from bone marrow and move to the epidermis
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Merkel cells:
• Found in the stratum basale or hairless skin
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EPIDERMIS
• It composed of five layers of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
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• This is the deepest layer of the epidermis, where new cells germinative or sprout
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• This nourishment enables the stratum to produce millions of new cells each day
(stratum germinativum)
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• Found cells are stem cells for reproduction, keratinocytes, melanocytes and Merkel discs
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• From the deepest to the superficial layer:
Stratum spinosum – Prickle cell layer (means “thornlike or prickly”)
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• It consists of 8-10 layer of many-sided, irregular cells covered with thorns or spines, that
join cells tightly to one another
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• From the deepest to the superficial layer:
Stratum granulosum – Granular cell layer (means “little grains”):
• Made up of degenerating cells that are becoming increasingly filled with little grains of
granules of keratin
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EPIDERMIS
• It composed of five layers of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
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• It consists of 3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells that have no nuclei and contain
eleidin, the precursor to keratin
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EPIDERMIS
• It composed of five layers of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
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Its cells are dead and full of keratin
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• It must to be the strongest and toughest of all the layers made of 25-30 layers of flat,
dead cells completely filled of keratin
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• Cells are shed through desquamation process and is constantly replaces from beneath
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• It is composed of connective tissue that contains both collagen and elastic fibres
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• They keep skin hydrated binding water
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• These are strong, thin fibres that give skin its elasticity (ability to
return to its original shape after stretching)
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DERMIS
• The supportive layer beneath the epidermis
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• It also contains:
FIBROBLAST • Large, flat cells that synthesize:
Reticular fibres:
• These are thin fibres that form a branching network around other
cells and give support and strength
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DERMIS
• The supportive layer beneath the epidermis
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• It also contains:
MACROPHAGES These are cells that engulf and destroy bacteria and cell debris by a
process called phagocytosis
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MAST CELLS
These cells produce histamine which dilates small blood vessels
during inflammation
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• It is composed of connective tissue that contains both collagen and elastic fibres
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• It is an undulating membrane (1/5 of the thickness of dermis) composed
of areolar connective tissue and fine elastic fibres
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DERMIS
• It can be divided into two layers:
RETICULAR LAYER
• Contribute to the carrying thickness of the skin, being the main support
structure and containing hair follicles, nerves, oil glans, ducts of sweat
glands and adipose tissue
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DERMIS
• It can be divided into two layers:
SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER
• It is not part of the skin, but it contains:
• Areolar connective tissue
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• Lamellated corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles):
These are nerve endings that are sensitive to pressure
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• It has an even texture, good elasticity, small pores, feels soft and firm to the
touch and is usually blemish free
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• This can be caused by hormones (puberty)
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SKIN TYPES
DRY SKIN:
• There is either an underproduction of sebum or a lack of moisture, or both together
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• It is papery to touch
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• It is hypersensitive and reactions can include reddening, itching and chafing
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• It has an oily T-zone (forehead, nose and chin) which feels thick and greasy and is
often blemished
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• The tone and elasticity varies and sensitive areas
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• As exceptions of the palms of the hands the soles of the feet, the eyelids,
lips and nipples
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It is usually shed by the eighth month of pregnancy
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As exception of the palms of the hands, sole of the feet, eyelids, lips and nipples
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STRUCTURE of the HAIR
• Hairs are columns of keratinised dead cells
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Hair root:
Penetrates into the dermis
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Middle cortex
• This is made up of elongated cells
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Outer cuticle
• This is a single player of keratinised, flat, dead cells
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STRUCTURE of the HAIR
• A cross-section of a hair shows that it consists of three concentric layers:
LIFE CYCLE of a HAIR
• Hairs grow out of hair follicles that surround the root of the hair
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Associated with hairs are:
It consists 2-3 rows of polyhedral cells and contains pigments granules and air spaces
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• They contract to pull the hairs into a vertical position as a response to cold, fright or
differing emotions
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GROWTH
STAGE
• It is called anagen and in this stage a follicle reforms and the
matrix divides to create a new hair
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• It is known as catagen (usually 1-2 weeks)
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RESTING
STAGE
• It is known as telogen
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• The hair moves up the follicle and is naturally shed
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The eyebrows and eyelashes protect the eyes from foreign particles
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The hairs in the external ear canal protect from insects and foreign particles
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NAILS
• Nails are hard plates that cover and protect the ends of the fingers and toes
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• Onyx or Unguis are other terms used for nails
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It is where cell division take place and cells growth are pushed upwards towards the lunula
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Nail bed
• This area lies directly beneath the nail plate and secures the nail to the finger or toe
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NAILS
• Nails are hard plates that cover and protect the ends of the fingers and toes
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• Onyx or Unguis are other terms used for nails
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• It functions is to protect the germinal matrix from infection
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TOP of the NAILS
Eponychium
• This is the extension of the cuticle from the base of the nail fold
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• This is the visible body nail
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• It functions in protecting the nail bed beneath it
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• It protects the nail grooves
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Free edge • It is the part of the nail that extends past the end of the finger or toe
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Help us to grasps and pick up small objects
Enable us to scratch parts of the body
CUTANEOUS GLANDS
Glands are groups of specialised cells that secrete beneficial substance and also
excrete waste products
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SEBACEOUS GLANDS
• Sebaceous means “oily” and these are oil glands that usually empty into hair follicles,
although some do open directly onto the surface of the skin
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Sebum acts as a lubricant which:
• Prevents hair from drying out and becoming brittle
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• Inhibits the growth of certain bacteria
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These are generally found in the dermis of the skin
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• Sweat or perspiration is composed of water, ions, urea, uric acid, amino acids,
ammonia, glucose, lactic acid and ascorbic acid
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• Sweat is acidic and therefore helps inhibit the growth of bacteria on the skin’s surface
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• Lips, nail beds, some of the reproductive organs and eardrums
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APOCRINE • Found in axilla (armpits), pubic region and areolae of the breasts
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• Their duct extends outwards through the skin (pore)
• The secretory portions is located in the dermis or subcutaneous
layer
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CUTANEOUS GLANDS
SUDORIFEROUS (SWEAT) GLANDS
ECCRINE
APOCRINE
EXCRETION
Sweat
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FUNCTIONS
Excrete waste and help
regulate the body’s
temperature by keeping it
cool
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CUTANEOUS GLANDS
SUDORIFEROUS (SWEAT) GLANDS
ECCRINE
APOCRINE
THANK YOU