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Title: E - commerce and e - business
Description: This note provides you lot of information about e commerce and e business.
Description: This note provides you lot of information about e commerce and e business.
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E-Commerce and E-Business
en
...
org
December 29, 2013
On the 28th of April 2012 the contents of the English as well as German Wikibooks and Wikipedia
projects were licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3
...
A
URI to this license is given in the list of figures on page 57
...
The list of contributors is included in chapter
Contributors on page 55
...
The licenses of the figures are given in the list
of figures on page 57
...
The LATEX source
code is included as an attachment (source
...
txt) in this PDF file
...
pdflabs
...
Some PDF viewers may also let you save
the attachment to a file
...
7z
...
7-zip
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The LATEX
source itself was generated by a program written by Dirk Hünniger, which is freely available under
an open source license from http://de
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org/wiki/Benutzer:Dirk_Huenniger/wb2pdf
...
1 Preface to the First Edition
...
1 Introduction
...
1 What is e-commerce?
...
2 Is the Internet economy synonymous with e-commerce and e-business?
...
3 What are the different types of e-commerce?
...
4 The major different types of e-commerce are: business-to-business (B2B);
business-to-consumer (B2C); business-to-government (B2G); consumer-toconsumer (C2C); and mobile commerce (m-commerce)
...
5 What forces are fueling e-commerce?
...
6 What are the components of a typical successful e-commerce transaction loop?
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E-Commerce Applications: Issues and Prospects
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E-Commerce in Developing Countries
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III
Contents
6
About the Author
6
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For Further Reading
7
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45
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Notes
8
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9
Acknowledgment
9
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10 Contributors
55
List of Figures
57
11 Licenses
11
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1
1 Preface
1
...
Policy-makers, business executives, NGO activists, academics, and ordinary citizens
are increasingly concerned with the need to make their societies competitive in the emergent
information economy
...
With ICTs they
can leap forth to higher levels of social, economic and political development
...
The e-primers aim to provide readers with a clear understanding of the various terminologies, definitions, trends, and issues associated with the information age
...
They provide examples, case studies,
lessons learned, and best practices that will help planners and decision makers in addressing pertinent issues and crafting policies and strategies appropriate for the information
economy
...
2
...
4
...
6
...
The Information Age
Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure
e-Commerce and e-Business
Legal and Regulatory Issues for the Information Economy
e-Government
ICT and Education
Genes, Technology and Policy: An Introduction to Biotechnology
These e-primers are also available online at http://www
...
net/publications/
iespprimers
The primers are brought to you by UNDP-APDIP, which seeks to create an ICT enabling
environment through advocacy and policy reform in the Asia-Pacific region, and the eASEAN Task Force, an ICT for development initiative of the 10-member Association of
Southeast Asian Nations
...
3
Preface
Finally, we thank all who have been involved with this series of e-primers-writers, researchers, peer reviewers and the production team
...
Romulo
Chairman (2000-2002)
e-ASEAN Task Force
Manila, Philippines
Shahid Akhtar
Program Coordinator
UNDP-APDIP
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
http://www
...
net
Category:E-Commerce and E-Business1
1
4
http://en
...
org/wiki/Category%3AE-Commerce%20and%20E-Business
2 Introduction
2
...
The integration of information and communications technology (ICT) in business has revolutionized relationships within organizations and those between and among organizations
and individuals
...
With developments in the Internet and Web-based technologies, distinctions between traditional markets and the global electronic marketplace-such as business capital size, among
others-are gradually being narrowed down
...
With its effect of
leveling the playing field, e-commerce coupled with the appropriate strategy and policy approach enables small and medium scale enterprises to compete with large and capital-rich
businesses
...
Most, if not all,
developing countries are already participating in e-commerce, either as sellers or buyers
...
Among the areas for policy intervention are:
• High Internet access costs, including connection service fees, communication fees, and
hosting charges for websites with sufficient bandwidth;
• Limited availability of credit cards and a nationwide credit card system;
• Underdeveloped transportation infrastructure resulting in slow and uncertain delivery of
goods and services;
• Network security problems and insufficient security safeguards;
• Lack of skilled human resources and key technologies (i
...
, inadequate professional IT
workforce);
• Content restriction on national security and other public policy grounds, which greatly
affect business in the field of information services, such as the media and entertainment
sectors;
5
Introduction
• Cross-border issues, such as the recognition of transactions under laws of other ASEAN
member-countries, certification services, improvement of delivery methods and customs
facilitation; and
• The relatively low cost of labor, which implies that a shift to a comparatively capital
intensive solution (including investments on the improvement of the physical and network
infrastructure) is not apparent
...
While there are indications of e-commerce patronage among large firms in developing countries, there seems to be little and negligible use
of the Internet for commerce among small and medium sized firms
...
However, this is premised on strong political will and good governance, as well as on a
responsible and supportive private sector within an effective policy framework
...
6
3 Concepts and Definitions
3
...
[1] It also pertains to “any form of business transaction in which the
parties interact electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact
...
[3] Though popular, this definition is not comprehensive enough to capture recent developments in this new and revolutionary business
phenomenon
...
[4]
International Data Corp (IDC) estimates the value of global e-commerce in 2000 at
US$350
...
This is projected to climb to as high as US$3
...
IDC
also predicts an increase in Asia’s percentage share in worldwide e-commerce revenue from
5% in 2000 to 10% in 2004 (See Figure 1)
...
8 billion at year-end
of 2001 to $338
...
Is e-commerce the same as e-business?
While some use e-commerce and e-business interchangeably, they are distinct concepts
...
In e-business, on the other hand, ICT is used to enhance one’s business
...
A more comprehensive definition of e-business
is:
“The transformation of an organization’s processes to deliver additional customer value
through the application of technologies, philosophies and computing paradigm of the new
economy
...
Production processes, which include procurement, ordering and replenishment of
stocks; processing of payments; electronic links with suppliers; and production control processes, among others;
2
...
Internal management processes, which include employee services, training, internal
information-sharing, video-conferencing, and recruiting
...
Workgroup communications and electronic publishing of internal business information are
likewise made more efficient
...
2 Is the Internet economy synonymous with e-commerce
and e-business?
The Internet economy is a broader concept than e-commerce and e-business
...
The CREC (Center for Research in Electronic Commerce) at the University of Texas has
developed a conceptual framework for how the Internet economy works
...
Figure 2
...
Internet Economy Conceptual Frame
8
Is the Internet economy synonymous with e-commerce and e-business?
Figure 2
Based on Center for Research in Electronic Commerce, University of Texas, "Measuring
the Internet Economy," 6 June 2000; available from http://www
...
comhttp://
This image is available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License1 and Creative
Commons Attribution License 2
...
wikibooks
...
org/licenses/by/2
...
3 What are the different types of e-commerce?
3
...
What is B2B e-commerce?
B2B e-commerce is simply defined as e-commerce between companies
...
About 80% of
e-commerce is of this type, and most experts predict that B2B e-commerce will continue
to grow faster than the B2C segment
...
E-frastructure is the architecture of B2B, primarily consisting
of the following:
• logistics - transportation, warehousing and distribution (e
...
, Procter and Gamble);
• application service providers - deployment, hosting and management of packaged software
from a central facility (e
...
, Oracle and Linkshare);
• outsourcing of functions in the process of e-commerce, such as Web-hosting, security
and customer care solutions (e
...
, outsourcing providers such as eShare, NetSales, iXL
Enterprises and Universal Access);
• auction solutions software for the operation and maintenance of real-time auctions in the
Internet (e
...
, Moai Technologies and OpenSite Technologies);
• content management software for the facilitation of Web site content management and
delivery (e
...
, Interwoven and ProcureNet); and
• Web-based commerce enablers (e
...
, Commerce One, a browser-based, XML-enabled purchasing automation software)
...
10
The more common B2B examples and best practice models are IBM, Hewlett Packard (HP),
Cisco and Dell
...
Most B2B applications are in the areas of supplier management (especially purchase order
processing), inventory management (i
...
, managing order-ship-bill cycles), distribution management (especially in the transmission of shipping documents), channel management (i
...
,
information dissemination on changes in operational conditions), and payment management
(e
...
, electronic payment systems or EPS)
...
2% in 2000 to 87% in 2004 and a consequent decrease in the share of B2C ecommerce from 20
...
10
The major different types of e-commerce are: business-to-business (B2B);
business-to-consumer (B2C); business-to-government (B2G); consumer-to-consumer
(C2C); and mobile commerce (m-commerce)
...
Share of B2B and B2C E-Commerce in Total Global E-Commerce
(2000 and 2004)
Figure 3
This image is available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License3 and Creative
Commons Attribution License 2
...
According to
a 2001 eMarketer estimate, B2B revenues in the region are expected to exceed $300 billion
by 2004
...
Figure 4
...
56
Box 1
...
wikibooks
...
org/licenses/by/2
...
wikibooks
...
org/licenses/by/2
...
There are three cost areas that are significantly reduced through the
conduct of B2B e-commerce
...
In terms of effort, time and money spent, the
Internet is a more efficient information channel than its traditional counterpart
...
Second is the reduction in the costs of processing
transactions (e
...
invoices, purchase orders and payment schemes), as B2B allows for
the automation of transaction processes and therefore, the quick implementation of the
same compared to other channels (such as the telephone and fax)
...
Third, online processing improves inventory management
and logistics
...
Through B2B e-markets, suppliers are able to interact and transact directly with buyers, thereby eliminating intermediaries and distributors
...
For instance, e-markets themselves can be
considered as intermediaries because they come between suppliers and customers in the
supply chain
...
Among the more evident benefits of e-markets is the increase in
price transparency
...
The
Internet allows for the publication of information on a single purchase or transaction,
making the information readily accessible and available to all members of the e-market
...
In this context, buyers are provided much more time to compare prices and
make better buying decisions
...
In such environments, prices can be set through
automatic matching of bids and offers
...
Economies of scale and network effects
...
Furthermore, the bringing together
of a significant number of buyers and sellers provides the demand-side economies of scale
or network effects
...
More participants form a critical mass, which is
key in attracting more users to an e-market
...
e
...
tized content, such as software, or e-books); and, for information goods, receiving products
over an electronic network
...
Its origins can be traced
to online retailing (or e-tailing)
...
com, Drugstore
...
com, Barnes and
Noble and ToysRus
...
The more common applications of this type of e-commerce are in the areas of purchasing
products and information, and personal finance management, which pertains to the management of personal investments and finances with the use of online banking tools (e
...
,
Quicken)
...
7
billion in 2000 to US$428
...
Online retailing transactions make up a significant share of this market
...
2
billion by the end of 2001, with that figure doubling at the end of 2002-at total worldwide
B2C sales below 10%
...
B2C e-commerce also reduces market entry barriers since the cost of
putting up and maintaining a Web site is much cheaper than installing a “brick-and-mortar”
structure for a firm
...
Moreover, for countries with a growing and robust Internet population, delivering
information goods becomes increasingly feasible
...
It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement,
licensing procedures, and other government-related operations
...
15
Web-based purchasing policies increase the transparency of the procurement process (and
reduces the risk of irregularities)
...
What is C2C e-commerce?
Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply commerce between private individuals
or consumers
...
16 It perhaps has the greatest potential for developing
new markets
...
com (an
interactive, online marketplace where buyers and sellers can negotiate and which features
“Buyer Leads & Want Ads”)
...
A concrete example of this when competing airlines gives a
traveler best travel and ticket offers in response to the traveler’s post that she wants to fly
from New York to San Francisco
...
However, C2C
figures of popular C2C sites such as eBay and Napster indicate that this market is quite
large
...
Advantages of C2C sites
Consumer to consumer ecommerce has many benefits
...
The primary benefit which consumers get is reduction in cost as compared to
buying space of their adds on other ecommerce sites which seem to be quite expensive
...
This leads to formation of a profitable customer base
...
This leads to increase in visitor to customer conversion ratio
...
Another major plus
point these websites have is that personal items like watch ,shoes etc can be purchased and
sold with ease which is not in case of other types of ecommerce
...
Doing transaction on
these type of websites requires co-operation between the buyer and seller
...
They do not share the transaction information which may be via credit or debit card
or internet banking
...
This can lead to lawsuit being imposed on either ends or also
on the site if it has not mentioned the disclaimer in it’s terms and conditions
...
Companies which handle consumer to consumer
ecommerce websites7 seem to have becoming very cautious to prevent online scams
...
techved
...
M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through
wireless technology-i
...
, handheld devices such as cellular telephones and personal digital
assistants (PDAs)
...
As content delivery over wireless devices becomes faster, more secure, and scalable, some
believe that m-commerce will surpass wireline e-commerce as the method of choice for digital
commerce transactions
...
Industries affected by m-commerce include:
• Financial services, including mobile banking (when customers use their handheld devices to access their accounts and pay their bills), as well as brokerage services (in which
stock quotes can be displayed and trading conducted from the same handheld device);
• Telecommunications, in which service changes, bill payment and account reviews can
all be conducted from the same handheld device;
• Service/retail, as consumers are given the ability to place and pay for orders on-the-fly;
and
• Information services, which include the delivery of entertainment, financial news,
sports figures and traffic updates to a single mobile device
...
4 billion sales closed using PDA and cell phones by 2005
(See Table 3)
...
Table 3
...
59
8
9
http://en
...
org/wiki/GFDL
http://creativecommons
...
5/legalcode
15
Concepts and Definitions
3
...
18
Economic forces
...
Economic integration is either external or internal
...
Internal integration, on the other hand, is the networking of the various departments within
a corporation, and of business operations and processes
...
Internal integration is best exemplified by corporate intranets
...
Box 2
...
NET
...
NET is Asia’s largest B2B e-hub, a virtual exchange integrating and connecting
businesses (small, medium or large) to trading partners, e-marketplaces and internal
enterprise systems for the purpose of sourcing out supplies, buying and selling goods and
services online in real time
...
It is strategically and dynamically linked to the Global Trading Web (GTW), the world’s
largest network of trading communities on the Internet
...
Market forces
...
The Internet is likewise used as
a medium for enhanced customer service and support
...
Box 3
...
From being a local Sao Paulo B2C e-commerce company
selling books, CDs, video cassettes, DVDs, toys, electronic and computer products in
Brazil, it expanded to become the largest company of its kind in Argentina, Mexico,
Spain and Portugal
...
4 million Internet users in Brazil have made
purchases through this site
...
Technology forces
...
For instance, technological advances in digitizing content, compression and the promotion
of open systems technology have paved the way for the convergence of communication
services into one single platform
...
From the
standpoint of firms/businesses and consumers, having only one information provider means
lower communications costs
...
At present the high costs of installing landlines in sparsely populated rural areas is a disincentive to telecommunications companies to install telephones in these areas
...
This development will ensure affordable access to information even by those in rural areas and will spare the government the trouble and cost of
installing expensive landlines
...
6 What are the components of a typical successful
e-commerce transaction loop?
E-commerce does not refer merely to a firm putting up a Web site for the purpose of
selling goods to buyers over the Internet
...
A typical e-commerce
transaction loop involves the following major players and corresponding requisites:
The Seller should have the following components:
• A corporate Web site with e-commerce capabilities (e
...
, a secure transaction server);
• A corporate intranet so that orders are processed in an efficient manner; and
• IT-literate employees to manage the information flows and maintain the e-commerce
system
...
g
...
For business-to-consumer transactions, the system
must offer a means for cost-efficient transport of small packages (such that purchasing
books over the Internet, for example, is not prohibitively more expensive than buying
from a local store); and
17
Concepts and Definitions
• Authentication authority that serves as a trusted third party to ensure the integrity and
security of transactions
...
Firms/Businesses (in a business-to-business transaction) that together form a critical mass
of companies (especially within supply chains) with Internet access and the capability to
place and take orders over the Internet
...
e
...
And finally, the Internet, the successful use of which depends on the following:
• A robust and reliable Internet infrastructure; and
• A pricing structure that doesn’t penalize consumers for spending time on and buying
goods over the Internet (e
...
, a flat monthly charge for both ISP access and local phone
calls)
...
The least
developed factor is an impediment to the increased uptake of e-commerce as a whole
...
In
countries that have significant e-commerce figures, a positive feedback loop reinforces each
of these factors
...
7 How is the Internet relevant to e-commerce?
The Internet allows people from all over the world to get connected inexpensively and
reliably
...
Also, as a vast network of people and
information, the Internet is an enabler for e-commerce as it allows businesses to showcase and
sell their products and services online and gives potential customers, prospects, and business
partners access to information about these businesses and their products and services that
would lead to purchase
...
That
was the early form of e-commerce
...
With the Internet, e-commerce spread rapidly because of the lower
costs involved and because the Internet is based on open standards
...
8 How important is an intranet for a business engaging in
e-commerce?
An intranet aids in the management of internal corporate information that may be interconnected with a company’s e-commerce transactions (or transactions conducted outside
the intranet)
...
In this context, corporate functions, decisions and
processes involving e-commerce activities are more coherent and organized
...
This shift has implications for managerial responsibilities, communication and information flows, and workgroup structures
...
9 Aside from reducing the cost of doing business, what
are the advantages of e-commerce for businesses?
E-commerce serves as an “equalizer”
...
Box 4
...
com
Amazon
...
It does not have a single square foot of bricks
and mortar retail floor space
...
com is posting an annual sales rate
of approximately $1
...
Due to the efficiencies of selling over the Web, Amazon has spent only $56 million on
fixed assets, while B&N has spent about $118 million for 235 superstores
...
)
However, this does not discount the point that without a good e-business strategy, ecommerce may in some cases discriminate against SMEs because it reveals proprietary pricing information
...
The dot-com bust is proof of this
...
Lessons from the Dot Com Frenzy
According to Webmergers
...
Majority of these were e-commerce and
content companies
...
26
19
Concepts and Definitions
From the perspective of the investment banks, the dot-com frenzy can be likened to a
gamble where the big money players were the venture capitalists and those laying their
bets on the table were the small investors
...
27
Internet entrepreneurs set the prices of their goods and services at very low levels to
gain market share and attract venture capitalists to infuse funding
...
The Internet
companies also spent too much on overhead before even gaining a market share
...
E-commerce applications in this
area include easy-to-use ordering systems that allow customers to choose and order products
according to their personal and unique specifications
...
This can work more effectively if a company’s manufacturing
process is advanced and integrated into the ordering system
...
” This refers to the parceling out of the
production process to contractors who are geographically dispersed but who are connected
to each other via computer networks
...
With network production, a company can
assign tasks within its non-core competencies to factories all over the world that specialize
in such tasks (e
...
, the assembly of specific components)
...
10 How is e-commerce helpful to the consumer?
In C2B transactions, customers/consumers are given more influence over what and how
products are made and how services are delivered, thereby broadening consumer choices
...
E-commerce makes information on products and the market as a whole readily available
and accessible, and increases price transparency, which enable customers to make more
appropriate purchasing decisions
...
11 How are business relationships transformed through
e-commerce?
E-commerce transforms old economy relationships (vertical/linear relationships) to new
economy relationships characterized by end-to-end relationship management solutions (integrated or extended relationships)
...
12 How does e-commerce link customers, workers,
suppliers, distributors and competitors?
E-commerce facilitates organization networks, wherein small firms depend on “partner” firms
for supplies and product distribution to address customer demands more effectively
...
Supply chain management (SCM) is defined as the supervision of materials, information, and
finances as they move from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer
...
The goal of any effective supply chain management system is timely provision of goods or
services to the next link in the chain (and ultimately, the reduction of inventory within each
link)
...
Some SCM applications are based on open data models that support the sharing of data both
inside and outside the enterprise, called the extended enterprise, and includes key suppliers,
manufacturers, and end customers of a specific company
...
Sharing
this data “upstream” (with a company’s suppliers) and “downstream” (with a company’s
clients) allows SCM applications to improve the time-to-market of products and reduce
costs
...
30
Figure 6
...
New Economy Relationships
Figure 6
21
Concepts and Definitions
This image is available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License10 and Creative
Commons Attribution License 2
...
13 What is Google AdSense and how does it work for
e-commerce
Google AdSense is a service offered by Google that allows website publishers to advertise
on Google
...
AdSense is used to advertise when
users type in key words in Google's search engine
...
The ads are text based and allow for links to the website on the advertisement
as well
...
AdWords is based on a Vickrey
auction system
...
The highest bidder wins but the second place person's bid is paid
...
The winners the vast majority of the time are the ones who
bid the highest
...
AdSense users generate revenue by having users click on their links and by having them
buy what is offered on their website
...
10
11
22
http://en
...
org/wiki/GFDL
http://creativecommons
...
5/legalcode
4 E-Commerce Applications: Issues and
Prospects
4
...
A more developed and mature e-banking environment plays an important role in e-commerce
by encouraging a shift from traditional modes of payment (i
...
, cash, checks or any form of
paper-based legal tender) to electronic alternatives (such as e-payment systems), thereby
closing the e-commerce loop
...
4
...
Traditional Payment Methods
23
E-Commerce Applications: Issues and Prospects
• Cash on delivery
...
Payment is by cash upon the delivery of the physical goods
...
After ordering goods online, payment is made by depositing cash into
the bank account of the company from which the goods were ordered
...
B
...
• Innovations enabling online commerce are e-cash, e-checks, smart cards, and encrypted
credit cards
...
They
are employed by a few large companies in specific secured channels on a transaction basis
...
4
...
EPS plays an important role in e-commerce because it closes the e-commerce loop
...
In these countries, entrepreneurs are not able to accept credit
card payments over the Internet due to legal and business concerns
...
The absence or inadequacy of legal infrastructures governing the operation of e-payments is
also a concern
...
The relatively undeveloped credit card industry in many developing countries is also a
barrier to e-commerce
...
There is also the problem of
the requirement of “explicit consent” (i
...
, a signature) by a card owner before a transaction
is considered valid-a requirement that does not exist in the U
...
and in other developed
countries
...
Cash is the preferred mode of
payment not only on account of security but also because of anonymity, which is useful
24
What is an electronic payment system? Why is it important?
for tax evasion purposes or keeping secret what one’s money is being spent on
...
In sum, among the relevant issues that need to be resolved with respect to EPS are: consumer protection from fraud through efficiency in record-keeping; transaction privacy and
safety, competitive payment services to ensure equal access to all consumers, and the right
to choice of institutions and payment methods
...
What is e-banking?
E-banking includes familiar and relatively mature electronically-based products in developing markets, such as telephone banking, credit cards, ATMs, and direct deposit
...
g
...
Box 7
...
Cash-on-delivery is still the most popular mode of e-commerce payment
...
What is the status of e-banking in developing countries?
E-banking in developing countries is in the early stages of development
...
However, there is an increasing
growth of online banking, indicating a promising future for online banking in these countries
...
The Philippine Experience
In the Philippines, Citibank, Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), Philippine National
Bank, and other large banks pioneered e-banking in the early 1980s
...
BPI launched its BPI Express Online in January 2000
...
The Singapore Experience
In Singapore, more than 28% of Internet users visited e-banking sites in May 2001
...
This decline can
be attributed to the fact that more visitors spend time completing transactions, which take
less time than browsing different sites
...
All major banks in Singapore have an Internet presence
...
These
banks have shifted from an initial focus on retail-banking to SME and corporate banking
products and services
...
The Malaysian Experience
E-banking in Malaysia emerged in 1981 with the introduction of ATMs
...
Then
came PC banking or desktop banking using proprietary software, which was more popular
among corporate customers than retail customers
...
On June 15, 2000, Maybank (www
...
com), one of
the largest banks in Malaysia, launched the country’s first Internet banking services
...
Other local banks
in Malaysia offering e-banking services are Southern Bank, Hong Leong Bank, HSBC Bank,
Multi-Purpose Bank, Phileo Allied Bank and RHB Bank
...
The most common e-banking services include banking inquiry functions, bill payments,
credit card payments, fund transfers, share investing, insurance, travel, electronic shopping,
and other basic banking services
...
Only a small number of banks employ Internet banking
...
6%
reported banking over the Internet in 2000
...
In general,
Internet banking accounted for less than 0
...
The Internet is more commonly used for opening new accounts but the
numbers are negligible as less than 0
...
7 and 1
...
26
What is e-tailing?
This slow uptake cannot be attributed to limited access to the Internet since 42% of respondents said they had access to computers and 7% said they had access to the Internet
...
This is the main
reason for not opening online banking or investment accounts
...
Access to high-quality products is also a concern
...
What are the trends and prospects for e-banking in these countries?
There is a potential for increased uptake of e-banking in Asia
...
Lead users: 38% of respondents indicated their intention to open an online account in
the near future
...
2
...
3
...
It is important to note that
these respondents also preferred consolidation and simplicity, i
...
, owning fewer banking
products and dealing with fewer financial institutions
...
About a third of lead users and followers showed an inclination to undertake
only the basic banking functions, like ascertaining account balances and transferring money
between accounts, over the Internet
...
4 What is e-tailing?
E-tailing (or electronic retailing) is the selling of retail goods on the Internet
...
Box 8
...
This was when Dell Computer recorded multimillion dollar orders taken at its Web site
...
com (which opened its virtual doors in 1996) encouraged Barnes & Noble to
open an e-tail site
...
In the same year, Auto-by-Tel sold its millionth car over the Web,
and CommerceNet/Nielsen Media recorded that 10 million people had made purchases
on the Web
...
Another estimate is that the
online market will grow 45% in 2001, reaching $65 billion
...
There was also a marked
reduction in customer acquisition costs for all online retailers from an average of $38 in
1999 to $29 in 2000
...
Figure 7 shows the
top 10 e-tailers by revenues generated online for the year 2001
...
Top 10 E-Retailers 41
Figure 7
This image is available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License1 and Creative
Commons Attribution License 2
...
org revealed that the multichannel retail market in the U
...
expanded by 72% from 1999 to 2002, vis-àvis a compounded
annual growth rate of 67
...
1
2
28
http://en
...
org/wiki/GFDL
http://creativecommons
...
5/legalcode
What is online publishing? What are its most common applications?
4
...
What are the benefits and advantages of online publishing to business?
Among the benefits of using online media are low-cost universal access, the independence of
time and place, and ease of distribution
...
What are the problems and issues in online publishing?
The problems in online publishing can be grouped into two categories: management challenges and public policy issues
...
The most common public policy issues have to do with copyright protection and censorship
...
An important question to be addressed is: How can existing copyright protections
in the print environment be mapped onto the online environment? Most of the solutions
are technological rather than legal
...
In online marketing, there is the problem of unsolicited commercial e-mail or “spam mail
...
Aside from displacing normal and useful
e-mail, the major reason why spam mail is a big issue in online marketing is that significant
costs are shifted from the sender of such mail to the recipient
...
Junk e-mail consumes bandwidth (which
an ISP purchases), making Internet access clients slower and thereby increasing the cost of
Internet use
...
1 How important is e-commerce to SMEs in developing
countries? How big is the SME e-business market?
For SMEs in developing countries e-commerce poses the advantages of reduced information
search costs and transactions costs (i
...
, improving efficiency of operations-reducing time for
payment, credit processing, and the like)
...
The Internet and other ICTs facilitate access to this
information
...
However, there is doubt regarding whether there is enough information on the Web that is
relevant and valuable for the average SME in a developing country that would make investment in Internet access feasible
...
For this reason, there is a need to substantially increase the amount and quality of local
content (including local language content) on the Internet to make it useful especially to
low-income entrepreneurs
...
9
...
This is in line with the
regional and worldwide effort to achieve a viable “information society
...
The initiative serves as a strategic tool and a vehicle for maximizing the strong SME
e-business market potential in Latin America manifested in the $23
...
46
eMarketer estimates that SME e-business revenues will increase: from $6
...
53
billion in Eastern Europe, Africa and the Middle East combined; $127
...
69 billion by 2005 in the Asia-Pacific region; $23
...
81 billion by
2005 in Latin America; from $340
...
47 billion by 2005 in Western
Europe; and from $384
...
18 trillion by 2005 in Northern America
...
It facilitates the access of artisans47 and SMEs to world markets
...
It facilitates the promotion and development of tourism of developing countries in a
global scale
...
It facilitates the marketing of agricultural and tropical products in the global market
...
It provides avenues for firms in poorer countries to enter into B2B and B2G supply
chains
...
It assists service-providing enterprises in developing countries by allowing them to operate
more efficiently and directly provide specific services to customers globally
...
IFAT: Empowering the Agricultural Sector through B2C E-Commerce
The International Federation for Alternative Trade (IFAT) is a collective effort to empower the agricultural sector of developing countries
...
Members of
the organization collectively market about $200-400 million annually in handicrafts and
agricultural products from lower income countries
...
Box 11
...
In fact, customer support call centers of dot-coms and
other ICT/e-commerce companies are considered one of the fastest growing components
of offshore services in these countries
...
48
Developing country SMEs in the services sector have expanded their market with the increased ability to transact directly with overseas or international customers and to advertise
their services
...
Tourism
boards lend assistance in compiling lists of service providers by category in their Web sites
...
49
32
How important is e-commerce to SMEs in developing countries? How big is the SME
e-business market?
The Internet is also instrumental in enabling SMEs in developing countries to join discussion
groups with their peers across the globe who are engaged in the same business, and thereby
share information, experiences and even solutions to specific technical problems
...
50
What is the extent of ICT usage among SMEs in developing countries?
Currently the Internet is most commonly used by SME firms in developing countries for
communication and research; the Internet is least used for e-commerce
...
However, the extent of use is limited by the SMEs’
recognition of the importance of face-to-face interaction with their buyers and suppliers
...
E-mail, therefore, becomes a means
for maintaining a business relationship
...
This can then lead to more advanced e-commerce activities
...
Box 12
...
In Bangladesh, 82% of Internet use is attributed to e-mail, vis-à-vis 5% in the
United States
...
S
...
However,
the Internet is considered an inexpensive, although imperfect, alternative to the telephone or facsimile machine-i
...
, it is inexpensive due to the higher speed of information
transmission, and imperfect because it does not provide two-way communication in real
time unlike the telephone
...
Once firms develop a certain level of confidence on
the benefits of e-mail in the conduct of business transactions and the potential of creating
sales from its use, they usually consider the option of developing their own Web site
...
wide use of the Internet for e-mail because of the recognized cost and efficiency benefits;
2
...
common use of the Internet for basic research; and
4
...
33
E-Commerce in Developing Countries
SMEs go through different stages in adopting e-commerce
...
When
these firms begin generating traffic, inquiries and, eventually, sales through their Web sites,
they are likely to engage in e-commerce
...
Women and Global Web-Based Marketing: The Case of the Guyanan
Weavers’ Cooperative
The Guyanan Weavers’ Cooperative is an organization founded by 300 women from the
Wapishana and Macushi tribes in Guyana, northern South America
...
The organization then hired someone to create a Web
site, which was instrumental in bringing their wares online
...
Since 1998, they have sold about 20 hammocks through the Internet at $1,000 per piece
...
In addition, many Web sites providing market and technical information, agronomic advice
and risk management tools for SMEs (to coffee and tea farmers in developing countries, for
example) have emerged
...
The internal barriers are poor internal communications
infrastructure within SME firms, lack of ICT awareness and knowledge as well as inadequacy
of ICT-capable and literate managers and workers, insufficient financial resources, and the
perceived lack of relevance or value-added of ICTs to their business
...
Most SMEs
in developing countries have not taken up e-commerce or use the Internet because they
fail to see the value of e-commerce to their businesses
...
• Lack of ICT knowledge and skills
...
However, technology literacy is still very limited in most developing countries
...
There are also doubts about whether SMEs
can indeed take advantage of the benefits of accessing the global market through the
Internet, given their limited capabilities in design, distribution, marketing, and post-sale
34
How important is e-commerce to SMEs in developing countries? How big is the SME
e-business market?
support
...
They can, however, capitalize on returns on the
basis that they are the low cost providers
...
SMEs doubt
whether Web presence will facilitate their own brand recognition on a global scale
...
Cost is a crucial issue
...
The high cost
of computers and Internet access is a barrier to the uptake of e-commerce
...
Many SMEs find marketing on the Internet expensive
...
One reason is that there may be no critical mass of
users
...
Because of the presence of
numerous entrepreneurs in the Internet, it seems that brand recognition matters in order to
be competitive
...
Search engines must direct queries to the Web site, and
news about the site must be broadly disseminated
...
55 One solution may be to encourage several
SMEs to aggregate their information on a common Web site, which in turn would have the
responsibility of building recognition/branding by hyperlinking or updating, for example
...
The national network/physical infrastructure of many developing countries is characterized by relatively low teledensity, a major barrier to e-commerce
...
• Security
...
While the appropriate policies are
in place to facilitate e-commerce, lack of trust is still a barrier to using the Internet to
make online transactions
...
56
Also, consumers are reluctant to use the Internet for conducting transactions with SMEs
due to the uncertainty of the SMEs’ return policy and use of data
...
57 While security is commonly used as
the catch-all word for many different reasons why individuals and firms do not engage
in extensive e-commerce and use of Internet-based technologies, there are other related
reasons and unresolved issues, such as tax evasion, privacy and anonymity, fraud adjudication, and legal liability on credit cards
...
Others worry that there is lack of legal protection against fraud (i
...
, there
is no provision for adjudicating fraud and there may be no legal limit on liability, say,
for a lost or stolen credit card)
...
e
...
5
...
The Guyanan experience can attest to this
...
In B2C e-commerce, most success
stories of women-empowered enterprises have to do with marketing unique products to
consumers with disposable income
...
For example, if an enterprise can venture into
producing digital goods such as music or software that can be transmitted electronically
or if such goods can be distributed and/or delivered locally, then this is the option that is
more feasible and practicable
...
Some concrete examples are: Tortasperu
...
tortasperu
...
pe), a business involving the marketing cakes in Peru run
by women in several Peruvian cities; Ethiogift ( http://www
...
com), involving
Ethiopians buying sheep and other gifts over the Internet to deliver to their families in other
parts of the country, thereby dispensing with the physical delivery of goods abroad; and the
Rural Women’s Association of the Northern Province of South Africa, which uses the Web
to advertise its chickens to rich clients in Pietersburg
...
Thus, they
can begin to penetrate B2B or B2G markets
...
Women Empowerment in Bangladesh: The Case of the Grameen
Village Phone Network
The Grameen Village Phone Network is a classic example of women’s empowerment in
Bangladesh
...
These village phones are regularly visited
by members of male-dominated villages
...
36
What is the role of government in the development of e-commerce in developing countries?
5
...
Creating a favorable policy environment for e-commerce; and
2
...
What is a favorable policy environment for e-commerce?
Among the public policy issues in electronic commerce that governments should take heed
of are:
• “bridging the digital divide” or promoting access to inexpensive and easy access to information networks;
• legal recognition of e-commerce transactions;
• consumer protection from fraud;
• protection of consumers’ right to privacy;
• legal protection against cracking (or unauthorized access to computer systems); and
• protection of intellectual property
...
It is important that government adopt policies, laws and incentives
that focus on promoting trust and confidence among e-commerce participants and developing a national framework that is compatible with international norms on e-commerce (covering for instance, contract enforcement, consumer protection, liability assignment, privacy
protection, intellectual property rights, cross-border trade, and improvement of delivery
infrastructure, among others59)
...
Government agencies should be able to trade electronically with all
suppliers using open standards-through ‘agency enablement’ programs, ‘supplier enablement’ programs, and e-procurement information systems
...
With the computerization of customs processes and operations
(i
...
, electronic submission, processing and electronic payment; and automated systems
for data entry to integrate customs tables, codes and pre-assessment), one can expect
more predictable and more precise information on clearing time and delivery shipments,
and increased legitimate revenues
...
This includes a system for electronic processing and transmission
of tax return information, online issuances of tax clearances, permits, and licenses, and
an electronic process registration of businesses and new taxpayers, among others
...
This means
that if government is unable to engage in e-procurement, secure records online, or have
customs fees remitted electronically, then the private sector will also have difficulties in
e-commerce uptake
...
61
Are existing legal systems sufficient to protect those engaged in e-commerce?
Unfortunately, the existing legal systems in most developing countries are not sufficient to
protect those engaged in e-commerce
...
On the other hand, in today’s electronic business transactions paper
is not used for record-keeping or entering into contracts
...
One view is that the issue of admissibility of electronically
generated evidence will not be resolved unless a law specifically referring to it is passed
...
In the ASEAN region, only three countries-Singapore (Singapore Electronic Transactions
Act), Malaysia (Cyberlaws), and the Philippines (Philippine E-commerce Act)-have a legal
framework for e-commerce
...
What other relevant policy issues should be addressed?
Other policy issues concern basic prerequisites of infrastructure for successful e-commerce,
as follows:
1
...
The goal should
ultimately be universal accessor widespread access to reliable information and communication services at a reasonable cost and its availability at a reasonable distance
...
62
2
...
e
...
Very few goods are delivered over the information infrastructure or the
Internet (the exceptions are music and software)
...
e
...
Hence, poor roads
and bridges, inefficient transport systems, coupled with the high cost of international parcel
services and bureaucratic customs clearance processes, are major obstacles in the uptake of
e-commerce in developing countries
...
Both of these will contribute to the reduction of distribution and logistics costs
...
The market ultimately drives e-commerce development, but it is
the private sector that fuels it
...
An “e-SME development program” in which various sectors can
provide technical assistance to SMEs to promote e-commerce uptake, can also be developed
...
In particular, steps
should be taken to:
• provide incentives to individuals to become entrepreneurs by lowering borrowing rates;
• provide incentives to SMEs that intend to use e-commerce in their business operations;
• broaden credit extension facilities to SMEs in order for them to use ICT and e-commerce;
and
• offer discounts on business solution software packages and software licenses
...
Awareness Campaign
...
Many SMEs have identified their lack of knowledge
39
E-Commerce in Developing Countries
of technology as one of the main barriers to using e-commerce
...
These awareness campaigns could include free training
courses and workshops on e-commerce, security and privacy, awards programs, and information centers to assist SMEs
...
E-Government
...
In effect, government
becomes a positive influence
...
Network Infrastructure and Localization of Content
...
Without reliable and inexpensive telecommunications and other information services, SMEs will not be able to go online
...
g
...
These telecenters can also be a venue for capacity building, skills enhancement,
training, communications and content development
...
g
...
Strengthening Consumer Protection
...
Generally, however, among e-commerce users in
developing countries, including SMEs, there is very low willingness to provide sensitive
financial information over the Internet
...
To address this concern, government can encourage companies/
SMEs to make their privacy policy explicit in their Web sites
...
A good example of this
government effort is Singapore’s Certification Authority, Netrust
...
68
Box
...
Data Protection and Transaction Security
40
What is the role of government in the development of e-commerce in developing countries?
Transaction security pertains to three important components and related issues, namely:
• Transaction Privacy, which means that transactions must be held private and intact,
with unauthorized users unable to understand the message content;
• Transaction Confidentiality, implying that traces of transactions must be dislodged
from the public network and that absolutely no intermediary is permitted to hold
copies of the transaction unless authorized to do so; and
• Transaction Integrity, which pertains to the importance of protecting transactions
from unlawful interference-i
...
, transactions must be kept unaltered and unmodified
...
There are,
however, technological solutions that seek to address these security concerns
...
e
...
Typical examples of authorization schemes are: password protection, encrypted smart cards, biometrics (e
...
, fingerprinting, iris-scanning),
and firewalls
...
The most common data and transaction and data security scheme is encryption, which involves a set of secret codes that defends sensitive
information crossing over online public channels
...
Government can also provide guidelines for SMEs in the development of a system of collaborative ratings, which these entrepreneurs can display on their Web sites not only to inform
but also to assure their consumers of security
...
To minimize fraud, certain safeguards should be built into the
rating system like imposing the requirement of presenting evidence of purchase before one’s
rating can count, with ratings of regular customers having more weight
...
SMEs should also be encouraged through appropriate government incentive schemes to participate in internationally
accredited Web-based online rating schemes
...
While in many developing countries this may be a very ambitious goal, in the medium
term SMEs may use self-regulated codes of conduct covering, for example, return policy,
data protection, and acceptable forms of content, that are applicable within associations,
cooperatives or their respective groups of peers and e-entrepreneurs
...
Human Resources Development
...
In Kenya, for instance, the youth from Nairobi’s slums are being trained in Web design
skills
...
Coordination with development cooperation agencies is important to avoid any
duplication of initiatives and efforts
...
1 About the Author
Zorayda Ruth B
...
She has a bachelor's degree in Business Economics, also from the University of
the Philippines
...
Ms
...
43
7 For Further Reading
7
...
2001
...
Coward, Chris
...
Obstacles to Developing an Offshore IT-Enabled Services
Industry in Asia: The View from the US
...
E-commerce/Internet: B2B:2B or Not 2B? Version 1
...
February 2002
...
Lallana, Emmanuel C, Patricia J
...
Andam
...
SMEs and
eCommerce in Three Philippine Cities
...
________________
...
SMEs and e-commerce
...
Lallana, Emmanuel, Rudy S
...
Andam
...
E-Primer: An
Introduction to E-commerce
...
Mann, Catherine with Sue E
...
2000
...
Washington DC: Institute for International Economics
...
2000
...
U
...
A
...
Cronin, Mary J
...
Unchained Value: The New Logic of Digital Business
...
S
...
:
Harvard Business School Press
...
, ed
...
Banking and Finance on the Internet
...
S
...
: John Wiley &
Sons
...
Wurster
...
Blown to Bits: How the New Economics of
Information Transforms Strategy
...
S
...
: Harvard Business School Press
...
Whinston
...
Electronic Commerce: A Manager’s Guide
...
45
For Further Reading
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss
...
e-Volve: Succeeding in the Digital Culture of Tomorrow
...
S
...
: Harvard Business School Press
...
2001
...
United
Kingdom: Capstone Publishing Inc
...
2000
...
U
...
A
...
Rosen, Anita
...
The E-commerce Question and Answer Book: A Survival Guide for
Business Managers
...
Smith, Dayle
...
The E-business Book: A Step-by-Step Guide to E-commerce and
Beyond
...
Tapscott, Don, David Ticoll and Alex Lowy
...
Digital Capital: Harnessing the Power
of Business Webs
...
Young, Patrick and Thomas Theys
...
Capital Market Revolution: The Future of
Marlets in an Online World
...
Publications by Catherine Mann
Mann, Catherine
...
“Balance and Overlap in the Global Electronic Marketplace: The UCITA Example
...
________________
...
“Electronic Commerce, Networked Readiness, and
Trade Competitiveness
...
eds
...
Harvard University and World Economic Forum
...
2002
...
” In Hoekman, Aaditya Mattoo, and Philip English, eds
...
Washington DC: The World Bank
...
October 2000
...
” In Isabella Falautano and Paolo Guerrieri, eds
...
11, Rome
...
007, October 2000
...
August 2000
...
” In Company Secretary
...
________________
...
“Global Electronic Commerce: Macroeconomic
Benefits and Policy Choices
...
________________
...
“Electronic Commerce in Developing Countries: Issues
for Domestic Policy and WTO Negotiations
...
Services
in the International Economy: Measurement, Modeling, Sectoral and Country Studies, and
Issues in the World Services Negotiations
...
________________
...
“Liberalizing Services: Key to Faster
Global Growth and the Sustainability of the US Trade Deficit
...
46
For Further Reading
________________ with Sarah Cleeland Knight
...
“Electronic Commerce in the World Trade Organization
...
The WTO After Seattle
...
Articles
From The McKinsey Quarterly 2000 (The New World of Personal Financial Services)
...
3:
- “Will the Banks Control Online Banking?” by Sandra Boss, Devin McGranahan, and
Asheet Mehta, p
...
Bekier, Dorlisa K
...
Singham, p
...
86
- “How E-tailing Can Rise from the Ashes” by Joanna Barsh, Blair Crawford, and Chris
Grosso, p
...
Henderson and Elizabeth A
...
110
- “M-Commerce: An Operator’s Manual” by Nick Barnett, Stephen Hodges, and Michael J
...
162
- “The Real Business of B2B” by Glenn Ramsdell, p
...
No
...
86
- “From Products to Ecosystems: Retail 2010,” p
...
No
...
Arjona
and Ron Lemmens, p
...
Roegner, Dennis D
...
Zawada,
p
...
54
CD-ROM
Digital Economy for Communities and SMEs Development, 19-21 June, 2002, Siam Intercontinental Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand by APEC Electronic Commerce Training Center
(Workshop on Electronic Commerce Policy and Regional Cooperation)
...
http://www
...
org
...
html
Business Software Alliance homepage
...
bsa
...
http://www
...
org/14467
...
http://crec
...
utexas
...
http://www
...
org
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development homepage
...
unctad
...
http://www
...
org
World Customs Organization homepage
...
wcoomd
...
Markets for Information Goods (University of California, Berkeley: April
1998, revised October 16, 1998)
...
ischool
...
edu/
~hal/people/hal/papers
...
1 Notes
1 Anita Rosen, The E-commerce Question and Answer Book (USA: American Management
Association, 2000), 5
...
eicc
...
yu/newspro/viewnews
...
3 Thomas L
...
4 Definition adapted and expanded from Emmanuel Lallana, Rudy Quimbo, Zorayda Ruth
Andam, ePrimer: An Introduction to eCommerce (Philippines: DAI-AGILE, 2000), 2
...
6 Lallana, Quimbo, Andam, 4
...
Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B
...
, 1997), 19-20
...
8 Breakdown of the International Data Corp
...
1
...
10 Ibid
...
12 Lallana, Quimbo, Andam, 4
...
14 Kalakota and Whinston, 20-21
...
tab
...
de/en/projekt/
skizze/ecommerce
...
16 Traderinasia
...
traderinasia
...
html;
Internet; accessed 26 September 2002
...
com, searchWebServices
...
com/
18 Cf
...
19 Cf
...
49
Notes
20 For a more extensive discussion on convergence, refer to Edwin S
...
21 Lallana, Quimbo, Andam, 13
...
Chris Coward
...
gc
...
24 Ibid
...
26 Michael Chait, “Is the Dot Com Bust Coming to an End?” (July 8, 2002); available from
http://www
...
com/bus-news/article
...
27 Reshma Kapadia, “What caused the dot-com bust?”; available from http://www
...
com/News24/Technology/0,1113,2-13_1142765,00
...
28 Reid Goldscborough, “Viewpoint-Personal Computing: Forget The Dot-Com Bust,
There’s Still Money To Be Made;” available from http://www
...
com/
Columns/Asp/columns
...
29 whatis
...
com
...
31 Lynda M
...
Lucie Press, 2002); available from http://hbswk
...
edu/tools/print_item
...
32 Network economies of scale are attained when an aggregate of firms or organizations
share a common infrastructure, capabilities and client base for faster, better and more
cost-efficient production and distribution of products and services
...
34 Integrated supply chains enable distributors to link their suppliers with their business
clients/customers
...
36 NetValue Research
37 Suganthi, Balachandher and Balachandran, “Internet Banking Patronage: An Empirical Investigation of Malaysia;” available from http://www
...
com/commerce/jibc/
0103_01
...
38 McKinsey survey
...
50
Notes
40 To be included in Retail Forward’s Top e-retailers, the company should have generated
at least 50% of its sales from direct-to-consumer (DTC) retail
...
http://www
...
com/news/article
...
Company
Amazon
...
Costco Wholesale
Barnesandnoble
...
com
QVC
...
C
...
12
1
...
95
0
...
45
0
...
40
0
...
33
0
...
cauce
...
Accessed 26 September 2002
...
oecd
...
htm; accessed 26 September 2002
...
45 Noah Elkin, “Developing Countries Meeting e-business Challenge,” February 5, 2003
...
47 Most artisans are women living in very remote villages
...
48 Goldstein and O’Conner
...
51 ITU, 1999
...
53 Ibid
...
55 Ibid
...
Pascual, and Zorayda Ruth Andam, SMEs and Ecommerce: The Philippine Case; Cf
...
Catherine Mann
...
59 Ibid
...
Pascual
...
Catherine Mann
...
Lallana, Patricia J
...
Soriano
...
“An Infocomms Policy for the Information
Economy: A Consultative Paper,” December 2000
...
64 Lallana, Pascual and Andam; Cf
...
65 Ibid
...
67 Firewalls act as a filter between a corporate network and the Internet, keeping the corporate network secure from intruders but allowing authenticated corporate users uninhibited
access to the Internet (Source: Kalakota and Whinston)
...
, Cf
...
69 Ibid
...
52
9 Acknowledgment
9
...
Catherine Mann (Senior Fellow of
the Institute for International Economics), Mr
...
Carter Eltzroth (Senior Vice President, Global Public Policy,
MIH Group) for their valuable inputs to this primer
...
wikibooks
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org/licenses/fdl
...
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3, 3 November 2008
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation,
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PREAMBLE
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5
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6
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Title: E - commerce and e - business
Description: This note provides you lot of information about e commerce and e business.
Description: This note provides you lot of information about e commerce and e business.