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 Extends from the lips to the

oropharyngeal isthmus

 The oropharyngeal isthmus:
Is the junction of mouth and
pharynx
...
The
anterior 2/3rd of the tongue
lies on the floor
...

The apex of the sulcus faces
backward and is marked by a
pit called the foramen cecum
Foramen cecum, an
embryological remnant,
marks the site of the upper
end of the thyroglossal duct





Anterior two third: mucosa
is rough, shows three types
of papillae:
 Filliform
 Fungiform
 Vallate
Posterior one third: No
papillae but shows nodular
surface because of
underlying lymphatic
nodules, the lingual tonsils








Smooth (no papillae)
In the midline anteriorly, a
mucosal fold, frenulum
connects the tongue with
the floor of the mouth
Lateral to frenulum, deep
lingual vein can be seen
through the mucosa
Lateral to lingual vein, a
fold of mucosa forms the
plica fimbriata



The tongue is
composed of two
types of muscles:
• Intrinsic
• Extrinsic








Confined to tongue
No bony attachment
Consist of:
• Longitudinal fibers
• Transverse fibers
• Vertical fibers
Function: Alter the
shape of the tongue







Connect the tongue to
the surrounding
structures: the soft palate
and the bones (mandible,
hyoid bone, styloid
process)
Include:
• Palatoglossus
• Genioglossus
• Hyoglossus
• Styloglossus
Function: Help in
movements of the tongue



Protrusion:
 Genioglossus on both sides acting together



Retraction:
 Styloglossus and hyoglossus on both sides acting

together


Depression:
 Hyoglossus and genioglossus on both sides acting

together


Elevation:
 Styloglossus and palatoglossus on both sides acting

together



Anterior ⅔:
• General sensations: Lingual

nerve
• Special sensations : chorda
tympani


Posterior ⅓:
• General & special sensations:

glossopharyngeal nerve


Base:
• General & special sensations:

internal laryngeal nerve



Intrinsic muscles:
 Hypoglossal nerve



Extrinsic muscles:
 All supplied by the
hypoglossal nerve,
except the
palatoglossus



The palatoglossus
supplied by the
pharyngeal plexus

 Arteries:
 Lingual artery
 Tonsillar branch of
facial artery
 Ascending
pharyngeal artery
 Veins:
 Lingual vein,
ultimately drains into
the internal jugular
vein

Lingual
artery & vein

Hypoglossal
nerve

Dorsal lingual
artery & vein

Deep lingual
vein

 Tip:
• Submental nodes
bilaterally & then deep
cervical nodes

 Anterior two third:
• Submandibular
unilaterally & then deep
cervical nodes

 Posterior third:
• Deep cervical nodes

(jugulodigastric mainly)





The tonge is the most important
articulator for speech production
...
Taste buds are located on
different areas of the tongue, but are
generally found around the edges

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