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BIOLOGY NOTES
SHELL (YEAR 9)

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Remember Mrs Grenc!

CHARACTERISTIC 

DEFINITION 

M ovement 

the ability to move from one l​ ocation​ to another
...
 

S ensitivity 

can ​detect​ stimuli and r​ espond​ to them
...
 

R eproduction 

creating more​ of the same kind of species
...
 

C ontrol of internal 
conditions 

the ability to ​control internal conditions​ in an organism’s body such as water 
level and body temperature
...
 

Nucleus 

contains DNA, 
controls the cell
...
 

Ribosomes 

responsible for 
protein synthesis
...
 

Vacuole 

to store cell sap 
(carbohydrates) 

VARIETY OF LIFE (6)
ANIMALS (5)

- light energy is absorbed by green
substance called chlorophyll in
chloroplasts
...

- ​do not have cell walls​​
...

- nervous system for coordination
- able to move from place to p​lace
- e
...
humans, cats

- some are ​pathogens (cause a
disease)
- ​e
...
of a disease is ​athlete’s foot
...

- stores ​carbohydrates​​ as ​glycogen​​
...

- ​chloroplasts, cell wall (cellulose),
permanent vacuole
...

- ​carbohydrate as starch or sucrose​​
...
g
...

- ​cell wall​​ made of ​chitin​​
...
g
...

- organised into a ​mycelium
- ​hyphae​​ (threads) and spores

BACTERIA

- ​single-celled​​ organisms

- ​chromosome of DNA​​ (no nucleus),
flagellum​​, ​cell wall (polysaccharides)​​,
plasmids​​, ​ribosomes​​, ​cell membrane​​,
cytoplasm​​
...

- ​shapes​​: sphere-like, spiral-like, rod-like
...
g
...

- ​lactobacillus​​: used to make ​yoghurt
and milk​​
...
g
...


PROTOCTISTS
- ​single-celled​​ organisms
- ​ameoba (animal-like)
- ​chlorella (has chloroplasts;
plant-like)
- some are ​pathogens​​ e
...

plasmodium - causes malaria
...

- their genetic material can be DNA or
RNA, but not both
...
g: ​HIV (human immunodeficiency
virus) – this causes AIDS​​
...

2) ​cells
- ​the basic units of all organisms​
...
g
...

e
...
connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

4)​ organs ​(e
...
nerves)
- ​a group of tissues that work together to
perform a specific function​
...
g
...
g
...


VIRUSES

- ​very small particles​​ capable of
infecting every type of living organism​
...


6)​ ​organisms ​(e
...
humans)
- ​made up of many organ systems
working together​
...

FACTORS AFFECTING THE
RATE OF DIFFUSION
1) ​temperature
- higher; more kinetic energy
...

3) ​surface area to volume ratio ​(sa:vol)
- smaller size, quicker diffusion
...

- ​When the cell increases in size, the
volume​​ ​increases​​ ​faster​​ than the

surface​​ ​area​​, because ​volume​​ is
cubed​​ where ​surface​​ ​area​​ is ​squared​​
...

- common exam question: agar cubes

OSMOSIS

- ​monomers​​ are ​monosaccharides​
...
g
...

> disaccharides​: ​two​ monosaccharides
(e
...
s
​ ucrose​)
...
g
...


- ​the net movement of water particles
from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration across a
partially permeable membrane​​
...


ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- ​the movement of a substance from
an area of low concentration to an
area of high concentration (against
concentration gradient)​​
...

- e
...
in ​plants​​: ​root hair cells in plant
roots​​ to absorb mineral ions from soil
...
g
...


BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
- ​nutrient
A substance needed for growth, repair
and metabolism*
*the chemical reactions within an organism

CARBOHYDRATES
ELEMENTS / STRUCTURE:
- ​carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
“wet carbon”

EXAMPLES:
pasta, bread, potatoes​​
...


- add a few drops of Benedict’s solution into
the substance
...
​
- if the substance turns ​red/orange​​, there is
a high concentration of glucose​
...


- turns ​blue-black​​
...

FUNCTION:
- ​growth and repair
- form ​structures
- ​enzymes​​ (active site)
EXAMPLES:
Fish​​, ​lean meat​​, ​eggs​,​ ​milk
soya-beans​​, ​nuts
FOOD TEST: BIURET REAGENT
- blue ​turns​​ ​purple​​
...

- ​glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids
FUNCTIONS:
to ​provide energy​​ to the body, ​insulation​​,
organ protection​​
...

EXPERIMENT: TESTING FOOD ENERGY
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

6
...


- ​Vitamin C​​: ​healthy​ ​skin​ (e
...
​spinach​​,
dairy​​ ​products​​)
- ​Vitamin D​​: helps ​absorb​ ​calcium​,
strong​ ​teeth​ ​&​ ​bones​ (e
...
​margarine​​,
oily​​ ​fish​​)
- ​Calcium​​: ​strengthens​ ​bones​ and teeth
(e
...
​cheese​​, ​eggs​​, ​milk​​, ​broccolli​​)
- ​Iron​​: to ​produce​ ​haemoglobin​​ in red
blood cells / ​prevent​ ​anaemia​ (e
...
​red
meat​​, ​beans​​ ​and​​ ​nuts​​, ​dried​​ ​fruit​​)
- ​Fibre​​: to maintain health of​ ​digestive
system​​ / prevent​ ​constipation​​ (e
...

cereal​​, ​fruit​, ​vegetables​)

ENZYMES

Energy per gram of food:
Change in temperature x (water volume) x 4
...
g
...
g
...
g
...

- enzymes are n
​ ot used up​​ and ​can be
used again​​
...


FUNCTION
- to ​break down​​ large molecules into
smaller molecules or;
- to b
​ uild up​​ small molecules into
bigger molecules
...

- beyond the optimum temperature,
enzymes will start to denature
...


*d
​ o not denature​ in ​neutral​ ​solutions​ /
distilled water!​

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (10)
MOSSLPLGA



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