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Lecture 9
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Rites of passage
● Mark transition from one status to another and the social change with it
A
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Separation
● The individual is an outsider, detached from the group
○ Stripped from old status
○ The construction of a small hut of leaves the “Kaffu” (to die) -- the hut is the place
of death
○ Here that the chief elect dies from commoner state and will emerge as a
paramount chief
2
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The head man reviles, chastises, vilifies the
chief elect
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■ A destruction of the chief’s previous state and status
3
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Greeted with
prayer by villagers for all previous chiefs
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Analysis
1
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● Three stages/places: Separation, Liminality & Reaggregation
○ Threshold must be passed in → out (liminal state)
○ Separated from previous status in social group and experience a marginal period
in which they are preparing for a reborn with new status within the group
○ New rights, powers & obligation
2
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Manifestations of Communitas
1
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Powers of the weak
● Transform weakness into power
○ Ex: MLK, Ghandi, Christ, etc
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Millenarian religious movements
● “End of the world/apocalypse”
○ About the experience of the communal, the humbling
○ They shed their previous states when joined
■ Ex: Jonestown, Heaven’s Gate (especially 19th century)
D
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Attributes of liminal entities
● Preliminal and postliminal characteristics
○ Bootcamp/military = liminal period (grinding down/leveling)
■ Physical transformation
■ Possess nothing -- no status
○ Period when rich rub elbows of the poor
■ Hard physical labor
○ Liminality period is often sexless (no gender)
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■ Silent & submissive
Blank slate -- “tabula rasa”
Twilight zone, being a “tween”, burning man/festivals
Halloween (role reversal)
■ Kids lead parents and terrorize the adults!
Carnival (Brazil, Switzerland)
■ All good citizens experience a week of buckinilie
● Dancing, singing, drinking → play!
■ Poor dress as rich, gay dress as straight
■ Come ash wednesday, back to normal
● A way to release build up from the year
Possess nothing, equal status to all those involved
■ Homogenous, blank state; new status being born
● Bar Mitzvah = spend a year learning new language
Stripped of preliminal and postliminal attributes
Physically transformed (shaved heads)
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2
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ritual drugs → constrained, inscribed, informed by layers of knowledge
and transformation vs
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Communitas in specialized society
● Shuffling between communitas and structure in less specialized societies is available to
everyone in every stage of life
● Restricted access → homelessness & drugs
● More specialized societies → this is broken & is harder
F
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Millenarian Religious Movements
● Fundamental to experience of communitas
H
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Relation between Communitas and Social Structure
● Turner → structure is a fixed arrangement of ranks/statuses in an ordered relationship;
social structure has a cognitive quality
○ A model for thinking about public life expressed in the past and extends to the
future expressed through ritual → culture
■ Ex: inauguration of president = both structure and communitas
● On stage has to take an oath, but in a transition period
● Those watching see orders of our society present themselves to
us, walk in in order of rank (majesty of state)
○ Communitas emerges where structure is not → an existential quality
○ About liminality, marginality, inferiority
○ Made accessible through aspects of social structure, a juxtaposition of structure
and free → mutually determinative
■ Can only be grasped in some way through structure
● Ex: carnival
J
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Immediately following a tyranny comes up (French
Revolution: “Jacoby” phase or “terror”)
● “Attributes of these millenarian religions will be familiar to most readers, many of these
correspond to those in millenarian qualities- equally, property rights…”
● Many groups make people destroy their property and give it up → put all on same level
● Liquidate marriage and family, violate sacraments of church, gender colonies
● Total obedience, maximization of religion, all are siblings to each other, more militant
than the rest
○ Catholicism starts as a military empire building fanatical period post witch phase