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Title: Chemistry Foundations Handguide
Description: [High School Level] - Ionic Compounds - Prefixes - Charges - Ions - Molecular/Covalent Compounds - Polyatomic - Naming - Acids - Solubility - Formulas - Balancing - Equations - Laws - Reactions - Exothermic/Endothermic - Physical/Chemical - Theories - Periodic Table - Elements - Isotopes - Charges - Diagrams
Description: [High School Level] - Ionic Compounds - Prefixes - Charges - Ions - Molecular/Covalent Compounds - Polyatomic - Naming - Acids - Solubility - Formulas - Balancing - Equations - Laws - Reactions - Exothermic/Endothermic - Physical/Chemical - Theories - Periodic Table - Elements - Isotopes - Charges - Diagrams
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CHEMISTRY HANDGUIDE
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”
Ex
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They can be formed between nonmetals and metals
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2+
2+
Ex
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3 -
The charges have to balance to zero
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CHEMISTRY HANDGUIDE
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Roman Numerals (1 to 10):
1-
I
2-
II
3-
III
4-
IV
5-
V
6-
VI
7-
VII
8-
VIII
9-
IX
10 -
X
Polyatomic Ions:
Polyatomic ions are treated as a single unit and you must know the charge
of the ion
...
(NH2 3
)
4 CO
+
NH - ammonium
4
2-
CO - carbonate
3
Naming Molecular/Covalent Compounds:
Composed of nonmetals
...
1
...
3
...
5
...
Followed by the root of the less metallic
...
Use numeric prefixes to show how many
...
Ex: CO Carbon dioxide and N 4 Dinitrogen tetroxide and
O
,
2,
2
NO, nitrogen monoxide
...
1
...
0
Naming Acids:
Binary acids - hydrogen and one other nonmetal
Hydro - base name of nonmetal - ic - acid
Examples:
HCl - Hydrochloric acid
HBr - Hydrobromic acid
Oxyacids - hydrogen and an oxyanion
“-ate” to “-ic”
“-ite” to “-ous”
Examples:
H 4 Sulfuric acid
SO
2
H 3 Sulfurous acid
SO
2
Acids are NOT Ionic, they are molecular/covalent
...
Na= Sodium ion
CHEMISTRY HANDGUIDE
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O= oxide ion
Hypo--ite = ite-1 oxygen
per--ate = ate+1 oxygen
These exist only for the halogens
...
Write formulas for cation and anion
...
Adjust subscripts so that charges cancel, LCM
...
Cation always comes before the anion
...
Turn prefixes to number subscripts
...
No “mono-” prefix for the first element
...
2
...
4
...
Write the symbols
...
Cross-over the charges from top to bottom
...
Simplify the numbers and remove the 1’s
...
1
...
0
Example:
Iron (II) phosphate -> Fe 42
(PO
)
3
Magnesium sulfate -> MgSO
4
Writing Formulas for Acids:
1
...
3
...
Identify anion name and formula
...
Balance anion charge with equal number of hydrogens
...
Examples:
2-
Chromate - CrO -> H 4
CrO
4
2
1-
Iodide - I-> HI
3-
Phosphite - PO -> H 3
PO
3
3
Solubility:
Aqueous solutions are created by dissolving substances in water, a universal
solvent
...
1
...
3
...
5
...
7
...
All alkali metal compounds are soluble
...
All nitrate, chlorate, perchlorate and acetate salts are soluble
...
Except for: Silver,
Mercury (I) and Lead (II) salts
...
Except for: barium, strontium,
calcium, lead, mercury
...
Except for: barium, calcium,
strontium, alkali metals
...
Except for: alkali metals, alkali
earth metals
...
Except for: Ammonium and alkali metals
...
1
...
0
Identifying Types of Chemical Reactions
-
single displacement - A + BC -> AC + B
double displacement - AB + CD -> AD + CB
synthesis - A + B -> AB
decomposition - AB -> A + B
combustion - A + O CO H
->
+ 2O
2
2
Writing Word Equations
When calcium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid in water,
dissolved calcium chloride and water are formed
...
Ca(OH) 2 HCl--> CaCl 2 H
2(s) +
(l)
2(aq) +
2O(l)
Aluminum + Hydrochloric acid -> Aluminum chloride + Hydrogen
Writing Balanced Chemical Equations
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
...
CHEMISTRY HANDGUIDE
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- Established by Lavoisier, a French chemist
...
)
Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
- Endothermic: process or reaction in which the system
a
absorbs energy from its surroundings in the form of heat
...
Example: Combustion
Physical and Chemical Reactions
- Chemical change: change that results in the formation
any
of new chemical substances
...
Example: iron rusting
CHEMISTRY HANDGUIDE
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Example: melting ice cube
Periodic Table of Elements
-
Horizontal row = period
Vertical row = group/family
Group 1 = alkali metals
Group 2 = alkaline earth metals
Group 17: halogens
Group 18: noble gases
Groups 3-12: transition elements
Atomic # = Protons = Electrons
Atomic Mass - Atomic # = neutrons
Elements/Isotopes/Charges
Isotope =
atomic mass is different on periodic table
Element =
atomic mass is the same on the periodic table
+ 2 means it is taking two away
- 2 means it is giving two
Atomic Theories
-
John Dalton (Billiard Ball)
J
...
Thomson (Raisin Buns)
Rutherford (Solar System)
Niels Bohr (Bohr Model/Shells)
Bohr Diagrams/Lewis Dot Diagrams
1st energy level: 2
2nd energy level: 8
CHEMISTRY HANDGUIDE
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Title: Chemistry Foundations Handguide
Description: [High School Level] - Ionic Compounds - Prefixes - Charges - Ions - Molecular/Covalent Compounds - Polyatomic - Naming - Acids - Solubility - Formulas - Balancing - Equations - Laws - Reactions - Exothermic/Endothermic - Physical/Chemical - Theories - Periodic Table - Elements - Isotopes - Charges - Diagrams
Description: [High School Level] - Ionic Compounds - Prefixes - Charges - Ions - Molecular/Covalent Compounds - Polyatomic - Naming - Acids - Solubility - Formulas - Balancing - Equations - Laws - Reactions - Exothermic/Endothermic - Physical/Chemical - Theories - Periodic Table - Elements - Isotopes - Charges - Diagrams