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Title: Energy Pathways
Description: Descriptive notes on Human energy pathways at the level of 2nd year dentistry
Description: Descriptive notes on Human energy pathways at the level of 2nd year dentistry
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28 & 29
Carbohydrates Energy release during Exercise
•
•
•
All Carbohydrates converted to glucose (Extra stored as glycogen in liver and
muscle cells)
Glycogen converted back to glucose when needed to make more ATP
Glycogen stores are limited, must rely on dietary carbohydrate to replenish
Fat energy release during Exercise
•
•
Efficient substrate, efficient storage
Energy substrate for prolonged periods of time, for less intense exercise
– High net ATP yield but slow ATP production
– Must be broken down to free fatty acids
– Only FFA used to make ATP
Protein energy release during exercise
•
•
Converted to glucose via Gluconeogenesis
Can also convert into FFA (Lipogenesis)
– For energy storage
– For cellular energy substrate
Sources of Fuel during Exercise
•
•
•
•
Carbohydrates
– Blood glucose
– Muscle glycogen
Fat
– Plasma FFA (From adipose tissue)
– Intramuscular triglycerides
Protein
– Only small contribution to total energy production, 2%
– May increase to 5-15% during prolonged exercise
Blood Lactate
– Gluconeogenesis via the Cori Cycle (Process of converting lactic acid
to glucose)
28 & 29
Factors determining Required ATP Amount
•
•
Exercise Intensity: Rate of ATP production
Exercise Duration: Amount of ATP production needed
Predominant Energy Pathways
•
ATP (2-3 Seconds)
•
ATP-CP (0-6 Seconds)
– Adenosine Triphosphate, Phosphocreatine
– ATP “Resovoir”
– Immediate energy system
– Maximal strength and speed
– Eg
...
Sprint
– Energy Sources: Muscle Glycogen → 2 ATP
•
Aerobic Glycolytic (CHO) System (2min-1
...
Average Run
– Energy Sources: Carbohydrates → 38 ATP
•
Aerobic Lipolytic (Fat) System (4 Hours +)
– Prolonged low-intensity exercise
– Unlimited energy source (Fat→ATP)
– Lowest rate of ATP production
– Highest total energy capacity
– Eg
...
Level of fatty acids in the blood increases
...
Exercise capacity progressively decreases
...
mitochondrial volume)
Increased blood supply (capillary density)
Increased glycogen storage
Trained Individuals
– Maintain a higher work rate
– Maintain that work rate for longer periods of time
Title: Energy Pathways
Description: Descriptive notes on Human energy pathways at the level of 2nd year dentistry
Description: Descriptive notes on Human energy pathways at the level of 2nd year dentistry