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Structuralism: Dependency Theory and World Systems Theory
Structuralism arose from the debate of development vs underdevelopment
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The Context: The Development/Underdevelopment Debate
A
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agriculture 2
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All national economies were located somewhere on this continuum
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Produced notions LDC were
somehow backwards of behind on their development process
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Samuel Huntington and ‘Modernisation Theory = Focused on internal factors in the
country especially cultural factors
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Industrialisation 2
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political
culture Culture vales and organisation of traditional societies were from this point of view
a hindrance to economic and political advancement therefore you had to reject these
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Criticisms:
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by
focusing on these internal factors modernisation missed importance of external environment
in perpetuating under development
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Argued that it mattered very much what the countries area of
specialisation was and the existing specialisation did not benefit the countries of the third
world aka the periphery
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Because specialisation was in agriculture and raw materials that was sold at
low prices to the north that used them to sell goods and sold them back to third world at
much higher prices = constant state deficit
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Stop importing goods
from abroad and focus on production of goods at home
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Not revolution but
development policy designed to improve standing of the south within the existing system
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Dependency Theory (more radical)
A
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Main Arguments (Frank): underdevelopment is not a phase, but an inherent characteristic
of global capitalism; continuously privileges some countries and disadvantages other
constellation of cores and peripheries = rich exploit the poor, more than trading inequalities,
these inequalities were inherent to the nature of capitalism, no way of escaping them as long
as you remained in the system (FRANK)

only remedy is disengagement e
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System had tendency to replicate itself domestically - within those third world
countries themselves = local cores and peripheries arising within the global south and
these relations based on same kind of exploitation as international level
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solution: revolution with 3W once
socialist governments created puruse disengagement from global economic system and
produce alternative relations = hopes placed in guerrilla movements
B
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2
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Fragmentation of the 3W= fell
apart as a unified force as a result of economic decline and political disputes
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Also, inspiration behind the cause for new international
economic order
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Contributed to IR~ highlighted what was
on the agenda of new states that emerged from colonial empires : scholars realised and
began to argue that the global south had to be analysed as a working of global capitalism as
a whole
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World Systems Theory (Immanuel Wallerstein) Directly challenges realist grand
theory based on anarchy
A
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Feudal ec in middle ages and replaced by capitalist world economy
in early 18th C
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System greater than countries
within it e,g: USA replaced UK and hegemonic power
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Core: main powers/
periphery: Areas that provide raw materials and basic agricultural goods as well as mass
skilled labour to add to economic expansion, have low living standards and ruled by
dictators/semi-periphery: Hybrid regions that contain some characteristics of core
and periphery
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OR located in periphery and have experienced growth in their economy
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When wages in some industries in core become too high e
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textiles, cars, these industries relocate to semi p where they find cheaper labour
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System evolution and change: It is a historical approach: 2 types of changes:
1
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c)‘Structural transformation’ (global spread of capitalism): continuos expansion of the
system aka global spread of capitalism
2
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All systems have a lifespan
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Evidence of the crisis of global capitalism: According to logic of capitals u can only
make a profit in short run by keeping wages low= reduce price and sell more
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You can solve this by moving to
semi periphery where wages are kept low
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1
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Deruralisation of periphery (migration from countryside to city) and rise of marginal
disaffected
3
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Collapse of traditional socialist and nationalist ideologies: has taken away the most
important ideologies that helped channel and pacify the large number of poor
5
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Ecological imbalances and depletion of resources:
7
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I
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International relations: economic relations govern politics
B
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Emphasis on history and change
D

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