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Case Studies
1960 - 1998: Northern Ireland
→ Religious/ Social Terrorism
- Protestants don't want to be independent and want to belong to the UK
- They don’t want to join Ireland either
- The Catholics want independence because of self determination
- They wanted Northern Ireland to independent or join Ireland
- The Protestants were mostly rich people and the Catholics were poor
- Northern Ireland not to be confused with the Independent Republic of Ireland
→ The British did not wanted Ireland Independence
- The Independent Republic of Ireland belonged to the UK
- They as well wanted their independence and made an uprising in Dublin
- It failed and they started a guerrilla war for 3 years
- World War I starts and in 1921 gives Ireland their Independence
- But they stayed with the Northern Ireland territory
- However, at the end of the treaty neither parts were happy
→ Ireland after the Treaty
- Most protestants were displaced to Northern Ireland
- Catholics became a minority who was constantly abused
- Discrimination against Catholics
- Important positions were for the Protestants who were supported by the British Kingdom
- The Catholics created the IRA to protect their rights and ask for independence
- Protestants did the same and created the UVF (supported by UK)
→ Guerrilla War between sides
- The British Army shooted a peaceful catholic rebellion in Bloody Sunday
- UK Army became the new target of the IRA

→ Aim of the IRA (1910 - 1920)
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The aim of the Old IRA was independence for Northern Ireland
First tactics were the general uprising and classic fighting
Proved to be un-effective during the Easter Rising in 1916
They were not strong nor organized enough to defeat Britain
During the ​1919-1921​​ they changed their tactics to guerrilla war and assassination of important
people as well as ambushes in the countryside

→ Aim of the IRA and UVF (1960 - 1998)
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The aim of the New IRA was to unify Ireland and Northern Ireland and the defence of Catholic
rights
Assassinations by both groups, roadblocks, riots in Belfast, Kidnappings and bombs
Bombing attacks; targeted assassination attempts on politicians in UK
Visual propaganda (posters, walls, …) to get support of Catholics and Protestants

→ Early countermeasures by UK Government
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During the 1910 - 1920 the British Government enforced counter-measures to fight the IRA
They executed or imprisoned IRA leaders
Implementation Martial laws (limitation of movement; allows for arrests and retaliation against
civilians)
Repression (Black and Tans regiment) and classic army tactics based on superior weapons and
superior numbers
Result: largely unsuccessful due to abuses towards the Irish civilians

→ Later countermeasures by UK Government
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During 1960’s - 1998 new tactics complemented with the old ones were implemented
1st phase​​ (mid 1980’s - early 1990’s): Martial law; occupation of Northern Ireland; roadblocks;
imprisonment of IRA supporters (leading to hunger strikes by prisoners); (secret) support of
loyalist militias; elimination of IRA cells
2nd phase​​ (until 1998): Working towards peace process with political wings IRA and UVF;
negotiations

→ Outcome and Results

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→ Conflict 1910’s-1920’s:
Casualties: 1500 – 2000 people killed
Anglo-Irish Treaty: evacuation of British forces, Ireland becomes eventually independent
Northern Ireland remains with United Kingdom
Start of Irish Civil War (between supporter & opposers Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921)
→ Conflict 1960’s – 1998:

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+/- 3500 people killed, about 1000 of them British soldiers and about 100 members of
paramilitary groups
...
Start of official peace talks
April 1998:​​ Good Friday Agreement
5 main agreements:
- Future constitutional status was in the hands of its citizens (voting)
- If the people wanted to unite with Ireland, they could by voting
- Current constitutional position of Northern Ireland remained within the UK
- Citizens could be Irish, British, or both
- Republic of Ireland would drop territorial claim on Northern Ireland
→ Today:
Peace is still fragile in Northern Ireland
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Still discrimination,
segregation between Catholics and Protestants

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