Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

206 BONES

AXIAL SKELETON
1
...
Skulls bones
b
...
Hyoid bone
d
...
Ribs
f
...
The upper the lowers limbs (extremities)
2
...
22 bones
2
...
Cranial bones
i
...

Frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, two temporal bones, occipital bone,
sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone
b
...

14 facial bones form the face
ii
...
Frontal
2
...
Occipital
4
...
Zygomatic process
b
...
External auditory meatus
5
...
Ethmoid
a
...
conchae/turbinates
c
...
Nasal bones 2
2
...
Zygomatic bones 2
4
...
Palatine bones 2
6
...
Vomer
8
...
Fontanels
a
...
At birth = “soft spots” areas of ossified tissue
c
...
Eventually, ossification process ---> become sutures
e
...
Sutures
a
...
Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
c
...
Coronal suture
e
...
Metopic suture
3
...
Paired cavities within certain cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity
b
...
Lined with mucous membranes = the secretions drain into the nasal caviyt

HYOID BONE
1
...
Supports the tongue
3
...
Spine, backbone/spinal column

2
...
Need to know the diagrams!
4
...
7 cervical (C1-C7)
i
...

C2- axis, has a body, dens (tooth like) to give it pivot
b
...
5 lumbar (L1-L5)
d
...

Fused bones, does not fuse fully until 30
ii
...
1 coccyx (co1-co4)

5
...
Normal curves of the spine
a
...

Cervical - convex
ii
...

Lumbar - convex
iv
...
Structure of vertebrae
a
...
A vertebral arch (surrounds the spinal cord)
i
...

laminae
c
...

Transverse processes 2
ii
...

Superior articulating processes 2
iv
...
Thoracic cage =
a
...

Located in center of thoracic wall
ii
...
Manubrium (top) connects with clavicle
2
...
xiphoid process
b
...

12 pairs
ii
...

iii
...

Pairs 8-12 : FALSE RIBS
1
...
Connects with cartilage then with the sternum
2
...
Costal cartilages
i
...

Has to open and close for breathing
d
...
movement
2
...
Girdles (attach limbs to axial skeleton)

Upper Limb

Skeleton of the ​

1
...
The ​PECTORAL (shoulder) GIRDLE ​(2 bones)
b
...
Pectoral girdle - ​sternum + clavicle
a
...
Sternoclavicular joint
c
...
Pectoral girdle - ​SCAPULA
a
...
Triangular shape

c
...

Spine
ii
...

coracoid process (hook point for muscles) (crows beak)
iv
...
FREE PART of upper limb
a
...

Proximal/ head part fits into glenoid cavity - ball joint
ii
...

Main part = main shaft
1
...

Capitulum articulates with the head of the radius
v
...

Posteriorly = olecranon fossa

b
...

Medial to radius - CLOSER TO THE BODY
ii
...

Articulated with the ​trochlea​ of humerus
iv
...
Head of radius slides into the notch
v
...

Distally : head of ulna with the radius
c
...

Lateral to the ulna …
...

Proximal head
1
...
Radial notch of the ulna

iii
...

v
...


Neck of radius
radial tuberosity:​ attachment point for muscle
styloid process:​ attachment point for muscles and tendons
Interosseous membrane ​that links the two bones together
1
...

Distally1
...
8 carpals (wrists)
i
...

Proximal row​ - scaphoid (boat) most commonly broken
iii
...

Carpal tunnel: space between carpal bones and flexor muscles have this
tunnel
1
...
5 metacarpals (palm)
i
...

Lateral to medial
f
...

Two​ in the ​thumb​ (pollex) and​ 3 in each of the other fingers
ii
...
Two separate regions:
a
...
The ​FREE PART​ (30 bones)
2
...
Coxal (hip) bone
i
...

Pubis
iii
...
Acetabulum
c
...
Pubic symphysis
e
...
Bony pelvis
3
...
Female:
i
...

Pubic arch is greater than 90
iii
...
Male:
i
...
SKELETON OF THE THIGH : FEMUR

a
...
Proximally
i
...
Distally
i
...
PATELLA:
a
...
Forms patellofemoral joint
c
...
Patellofemoral stress syndrome - runners syndrome
6
...
Larger, medial weight-bearing bone of leg
b
...
Distally- fibula and talus
7
...
Smaller, laterally place bone in leg
b
...
Proximally - tibia
d
...
Interosseous membrane
9
...
7 tarsal bones
i
...

Calcaneus
b
...
14 phalanges (hallux)

ARTICULATIONS - JOINTS
Synarthroses (immovable joints)
1
...
Suture
b
...
Periodontal membrane: binding by connective tissue
Amphiarthroses (slightly moveable)
1
...
Symphysis
i
...

Intervertebral joint
Diarthroses (freely moveable)
1
...

Synovial cavity
iv
...
Fibrous capsule
2
...

Synovial fluid
1
...
Synovial joints: accessory structures
a
...
Articular discs / menisci
c
...
Tendon sheaths
e
...
Classified based on
a
...
The shapes of the articulating bones
i
...

Hinge
iii
...

Condyloid
v
...

Ball and socket

PLANAR JOINTS
1
...
Primarily permit back and forth and side to side ​GLIDING​ movements
3
...
Acromioclavicular / sternoclavicular
HINGE JOINTS
1
...
Produce an opening and closing motion like a hinged door
3
...
Monoaxial: only one axis
5
...
Rounded or pointed surface​ of one bone articulated with ​a ring formed​ partly by another
bone
a
...
Turns around its axis
c
...
Lateral rotation away from the midline
2
...
Monoaxial
4
...
atlas and axis: turn your head left and right
CONDYLOID JOINTS (like knuckles)
1
...
Similar to hinge joints structure
b
...
FLEXION- EXTENSION (HYPEREXTENSION) y axis
3
...
Abduction​ movement away from midline (left or right)
b
...
CIRCUMDUCTION: everything all together, going around in a circle
5
...
Radius and certain bones in wrist
7
...
Saddle shaped ends of bone articulate with bone that SITS in the SADDLE
2
...
ABDUCTION - ADDUCTION
4
...
OPPOSITION: opposing thumbs!!!!! ​Can use tools and can touch thumb to all other
fingers

BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS
1
...
Shoulder :
3
...
FLEXION - EXTENSION (HYPEREXTENSION)
5
...
CIRCUMDUCTION
7
...
Rotate whole arm around, bringing it across the body
8
...
Elevation: upward movement of part of body
a
...
Bring jaw back up into resting place
2
...
Drop jaw
3
...
Push jaw out forward
b
...
Retraction: return to anatomical position
5
...
Stand on heels
6
...
Stand on toes

MUSCULAR TISSUE
3 types of muscles:
SKELTAL
SMOOTH
CARDIAC
FUNCTIONS:
1
...
Stabilizing body positions
3
...
Generating heat
PROPERTIES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
1
...
Contractility
3
...
Elasticity
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
1
...
Striated with many peripherally located nuclei
3
...
NUMBER OF FIBERS IS SET BEFORE BIRTH
5
...
Limited capacity for regeneration via satellite cells
CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERING
1
...
CT covering around each muscle fiber
2
...
Around a bundle (fascicle) of fibers
3
...
Encircles the entire muscle
4
...
Tendon
b
...

Connection forehead to skull

Skeletal muscle levels of structure
1
...
Muscle contains fascicles and fascicles contain fibers
3
...
Muscle fibers
a
...
Contain many myofibrils faf
5
...
Myofibrils contain bundles of ​myofilaments​ (actin and myosin)
b
...
Myofibrils are Divided into segments called sarcomeres

Skeletal muscle fiber
1
...
Transverse​ (T tubules)
i
...
Sarcoplasm
a
...
Contains protein myoglobin (carries oxygen)
i
...
Myofibrils
4
...
Huge membrane network of sacs that lay on the myofibrils
b
...
Terminal cisterns : swelling at the end of the SR near where it touches the T
tubules…… contains more calcium
d
...
Myofilaments
6
...
The sarcomere is the ​functional unit of the muscle fiber
...
The sarcomere itself is bundled within the myofibril that runs the entire

length of the muscle fiber and attaches to the sarcolemma at its end

SARCOMERE
1
...
A band:​ dark, middle part of sarcomere
3
...
Contains only thin filaments
b
...
H zone:​ narrow area in center of A band that has oNLY THICK filaments
5
...
Contractile proteins
a
...

Single thick filament is about 300 myosin molecules clumped
together
ii
...
2 poly peptides together
iii
...
Cross bridges is when the myosin head binds with actin
iv
...
Can bind to ACTIN

2
...
Motor protein
4
...
Actin (THIN)
i
...
Globular protein that are all linked (STRING OF PEARLS)
ii
...
Myosin-binding site
2
...
Regulates activity and blocks binding sites
3
...
Excitation =
1
...
CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
i
...

The contractile cycle
iii
...

relaxation
2
...
Tropomyosin
b
...
Structural proteins
a
...

Stabilize the position of myosin , links one z to the other z
b
...

M line
c
...

Connects myofibril to the sarcolemma

NERVE SUPPLY TO MUSCLE
1
...
Synapse
3
...
Neurotransmitter
5
...
Motor end plate
7
...


NEED TO KNOW THE DIAGRAM

MOTOR UNIT
1
...
Motor unit= ​Consists of a ​motor neuron​ and the muscle​ fibers it stimulates
3
...
Each branch extends to a different skeletal muscle fiber and makes its own
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
5
...
One motor neuron can branch off into 3 muscle fibers or more
...
Writing is a small motor unit, very precise and very controlled
a
...
But can have strong and powerful movements in legs but it is not very controlled
or precise

TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS: how to differentiate muscle
1
...
Red and white fibers
2
...
Slow or fast fibers
3
...
Oxidative
b
...
Glycolytic
SLOW OXIDATIVE FIBERS (SO FIBERS)
1
...
Least powerful type of muscle fiber
3
...
Good blood supply
4
...
Have slow speed of contraction
6
...
Posture and for aerobic (oxygen) , endurance -type activities
a
...
In legs and in back muscles for posture
8
...
Think of mitochondria and making ATP and you need oxygen and
then you need oxygen for myoglobin
9
...
Intermediate​ in diameter…
...
Contain large amounts of ​MYOGLOBIN​ and ​BLOOD CAPILLARIES​ (dark red)
3
...
Moderately high resistance to fatigue
5
...
Contribute to activities such as ​walking (oxidative)​ and sprinting (glycolysis)
7
...

a
...
Largest in diameter…
...
Generate the most powerful contractions…
...

4
...

6
...


LOW MYOGLOBIN​ and blood capillaries (​WHITE​),
Few mitochondria: generate ATP mainly by glycolysis (NO OXYGEN)
Fibers contract ​strongly​ and ​quickly
Fatigue quickly…
...
WEIGHT LIFTING
b
...
Most muscles ​= a mixture of all 3 types (SO, FOG and FG)
a
...
FG: Shoulder and arms : to lift or throw something
c
...
Proportions vary, depending on
a
...
Persons training program
c
...
GENETICS + ENVIRONMENT

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
1
...
NOT ARRANGED IN ORDERLY SARCOMERES
2
...
Contain only ​small amount of stored Ca++
4
...
Dense bodies: similar to Z discs

Myofibril contain myofilaments (ACTIN
AND MYOSIN)

Support and Movement : the
muscular system
SKELETAL MUSCLE SYSTEM
1
...
Muscle pulls the tendon and the TENDON PULLS THE BONE
2
...
Origin and insertion : where muscle attaches to bone
a
...
Insertion​: attachment to the movable bone
c
...

Origin​: scapula and humerus
ii
...
Belly of a muscle
a
...
Between origin and insertion
5
...
Prime mover / agonist
b
...
Muscles of the head and neck
a
...

Occipitofrontalis ​(frontal belly): surprise, and facial expressions
1
...
Epicranial Aponeurosis :​ tendon that connects frontal
and occipital muscles
ii
...
Orbicularis oris: ​circular muscle around the MOUTH
1
...

Orbicularis oculi: ​circular muscle around eye
1
...
Mastication (4 muscles for mastication)
i
...
STRONGEST
c
...

Sternocleidomastoid

2
...
Muscles of the ​abdomen​:
i
...

External oblique ​(angle)
iii
...

Transversus abdominis ​(across)
b
...

External oblique​ (outermost layer)
1
...

Internal oblique
1
...
Run opposite way of external obliques
iii
...

Aponeurosis​ ​of transversus abdominis : on both sides
1
...

Rectus abdominis : abs
c
...

Diaphragm

Rectus sheaths ​= links everything together … BAND OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Rectus abdominis are within the rectus sheaths !!!
Linea alba​: line down the center

ABOVE = ALL FOR 2ND MIDTERM ^^^^^

3
...
Diaphragm​: shaped like a parachute
b
...
Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
d
...
Interest: ​central tendon (strong aponeurosis)
i
...
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES:
i
...
Muscles of the extremities
a
...

Trapezius
1
...
Inserts​: along the scapula and on the clavicle
b
...

Pectoralis major:
1
...
Inserts​: humerus
ii
...

iii
...
Forearm: move the radius and ulna
i
...
Origin​: ​scapula
2
...
Crosses the elbow joint to give flexion / extension movement
4
...

Triceps brachii : posteriorly (​3 heads)
1
...
Insertion​:​ ULNA
3
...
Wrist, hands and fingers
i
...
Runs over radius
2
...
Insertion​: carpals
ii
...
Runs over ulna
2
...
Insertion​: metacarpals
iii
...
Pull on the fingers for small, precise movements
5
...
Often cross 2 joints, can act equally on both
b
...

Gluteus​ (maximus, medius, minimus)
1
...
Origin​: coxal bone
b
...
Gluteus medius: ​middle and deep
3
...
All help with flexion / extension, abduction and adduction
and rotation of leg
ii
...
Adductor longus:
2
...
Adductor magnus:
4
...
Insertion​: femur
6
...
Anterior​ (​extensor​) compartment:
i
...

iii
...


Extending the leg and flexing the thigh
Crosses 2 joints:
Quadriceps femoris: grouped together in common tendon
1
...
Rectus femoris:​ straight muscle on front of femur
3
...
Vastus Intermedius
5
...
From one side of thigh to other
2
...
Crosses coxal joint and knee joint
4
...
CROSSING LEG

b
...


Hamstrings : long connecting tendons
1
...
Semimembranosus
3
...
2 heads

c
...

Adductor group (longus , brevis , magnus)
ii
...
Muscles that move the foot and toes
a
...

Running over the tibia
ii
...
Calf muscles (​plantar flexion​) POSTERIOR
i
...
Allow you to stand on your toes
ii
...
Both share a common tendon = CALCANEAL TENDON aka
ACHILLES TENDON
1

---