Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Outline
Tuesday, 4 October 2016

6:02 PM

Topic 1 - System Fundamentals (20 hours)
1
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2 System design basics (10 hours)

Topic 1 Page 1

General Notes
Wednesday, 5 October 2016

8:35 AM

5/10/16
What questions would you need to ask a client if they were to come to you for help to move system
...
What is your current system?
2
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Have you had any experience before in moving systems?
4
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Is the new system software or hardware based?
HW: do research on topic called SAAS
Write four sentences about Software as a Service
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SAAS
just requires Internet because there is no problematic hardware
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Its services are available from any device or
computer
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g
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1
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1
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g
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It is done by people within the software company
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g
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Beta Testing
Beta Testing is when a software is near completion or complete is tested to increase product quality
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E
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When a software is done and is given to some members of the public for feedback
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They simply test the product to see if it works
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g
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White box testing
White box testing is where the tester tests a software in regard to the code of the software
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e
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A developer may test an app to see if he can crash the app by knowing how the code works
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It is normally tested by teams that are not related to the company to give an unbiased review of
the product
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g
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Stress testing
Stress testing is when a software is deliberately stressed to see how much it can handle
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e
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A big app that has lots of data is stressed to see if it crashes
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g
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g
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2
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4
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6
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Assess needs
Design
Get funding
Timelines
Develop
Testing
Marketing

Topic 1 Page 3

3
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Timelines
5
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Testing
7
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Distribute
Design ,< Develop
Assess needs ,< Get funding < Develop
< Marketing
Assess needs <= design

Gant chart

16/03/17
• Social issues involve interaction between people
• Ethical issues involve a value judgement about right and wrong which comes from a society, government or group
• Morals (as distinct from ethics) are a person's own individual value judgements about what is right and wrong
• Economic issues are to do with providing enough resources to satisfy humans wants/needs
• Environmental issues are to do with the world around us
...
[2 marks]
There are other situations where people may be required to carry GPS devices
Discuss the ethical implications of insisting people carry GPS devices [6 marks]
They're dangerous criminals so people know what they're doing
If people get lost you can find them
Allows for more freedom compared to being in prison
A lot of data is necessary to collect to find out about a number of prisoners

9/10/18

Topic 1 Page 4

1
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1 Systems in organizations (10 hours)
Planning and system installation
User Focus
System backup
Software deployment

Topic 1 Page 5

Planning and System Installation
Topic

Class Notes

Organised Notes

1
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1 Identify the context for
which a new system is planned

• Meta-data
• Meta means information about
something surrounding the current
thing that we're talking about
• Context is reasons supporting the
idea and what it is surrounding
• Old system is known as legacy
• Why do you need to move to a new
system?
• Need to consider why we are doing
this
1
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What is the level of service
you want?
Budget and cost (enough money or
not)

3
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(2
Marks)
A company would need to consider the time and staffing when changing to a new system
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Simply build features onto instead of
building a new system

4
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Have you ever changed to a
new system before?
Experience (realistic expectations)
need to have knowledge to do it
Disorganisation - bad communication

6
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How much time, effort and
money are you willing to put
into your new system?
Refers to legacy to the new system,
what is willing to be done

8
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Does it involve a change in
hardware software of both?
10
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What implementation have
you already tried?
You know what they've already done

12
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(2 Marks)
If command term is Outline - say
what and why (cost
...
1
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• Why do we need change
management
• Over periods of time - client needs
change
• Need to have clients invested in
change by explaining how the
change will occur
• Stakeholder of a system - every part
of a company

• Client needs change over periods of time
• Stakeholder of a system is every part of a company
• Need to know how to manage change to understand surrounding purpose of change
• Projects need to be successful

Powerpoint:
• Communication of the need for and benefits of change
• Users may require training
• Recruitment may be necessary to bring in suitable skillsets
e
...
Company that sells product to the
• Stakeholder support
public, want to change from old website to
• Planning, milestones, completion date
new website, Stakeholders are customers, IT
people, employees, competitors, investors, • Dependencies between project stages/components
• Compatibility between old system and new system
etc
...

• Testing
• Budget, cost,
• Need to know how to manage
change to understand surrounding
purpose of change
• Projects need to be successful
• Need to tell stakeholders what is
happening (they need to know)
• Change management means you are
on top of staffing
1
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3 Outline compatibility issues • Business merger - when businesses • A business merger is when businesses merge
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• Issues when merging businesses
The systems might have different file extensions
• Two different IT systems
The systems might have compatibility issues
• May be written in two
Two systems might contain different data about a certain client
One company might have to gain or lose data
different languages
• Might have different file
The systems might have to use different hardware
extensions
They may not upgrade because the system is too complex
• Compatibility issues
Systems that are too complex slows down productivity
• Two systems might contain
They might lose customers and end up with people that do not know the business
• e
...
Two IT companies are merging together and they have two different websites
different data about a client
• One company might have to
They may need to have a server that handles high amounts of traffic
gain/lose data
They might be written in two different languages
• Different hardware
• 2 IT companies are merging
together and they have two
websites
• Needs to have server that
handles high amounts of
traffic
• Might be written in two
different languages
• Companies' main concern customers
• If it's not a problem and it's working,
why upgrade?
• Might end up with people who do
not know business
• Another reason - won't upgrade
because it's too complex
• Too complex systems slows down
productivity
1
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4 Compare the
• LI: Systems Design & Analysis
implementation of systems using • SC: what is SaaS & how can it be
a client’s hardware with hosting
used as a product
• Benefits
systems remotely
Customers do not have to develop
the applications themselves
Customers can save money on
installation, infrastructure,
maintenance, IT and more
Customers receives updates timely
Customers can try out new
applications and then can easily
terminate them because of the
subscription service
Saves time from installation
• Limitations
If used permanently, SaaS can
become costly
Requires a decent internet
connection
Since the applications are not
custom-made, they may not adhere
directly to the customers' needs
• Examples
Salesforce - Customer Relationship
Management Software
Workday - Cloud-based
management software for financial,
human-capital and cloud
integration management
applications
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Athenahealth - America
health practice management
software
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• Cloud based (all data stored on the
cloud)
• Chromebook device - all data is

Topic 1 Page 7

• SaaS - branch of technical support that allows you to meet client's needs
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1
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• Methods of implementation
• Direct changeover, Phased
conversion, Parallel running, Pilot
running
• Direct changeover - turn off legacy
system and turn on new system

Powerpoint:

Cheaper, quicker
It may have problems
If it fails, you have nothing
Staff may not know how to use
system

• Parallel running - both systems at
the same time (for a period of time)
until legacy system closed off
Allows you to have experience, time,
training
People will still be able to use old
system
Gives time to test whether new
system is functioning correctly
Customers get a choice
Costs a lot more in terms of
computational power
More hardware
More people maintaining and
potentially more staff to run it
More expensive
May not have data compatability

Exam Question: Evaluate 2 methods of systems implementation (6 Marks)
1 Mark for stating process
1 Mark for strength
1 Mark for limitation
2
• Pilot running - New system is tested
A method of systems implementation is direct changeover
...
A strength of direct changeover is that it has a low cost if all goes
Low risk
well
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Also known as beta testing - small
group of people who are going to use
Another method of systems implementation is pilot running
...
A strength of Pilot running is that is has low risk because the old system is still running
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Scalability - server might not handle
traffic
Might not use all functionality

• Phased conversion - implementing a
new system in small portions
Any errors are less problematic
because it is a small portion
Revert to old one if it doesn't work
Implement parts that are functioning
Higher cost than some of the others
Time consuming
Not always feasible or possible for a
given project

Exam Question: Evaluate 2 methods
of systems implementation (6
Marks)
1 Mark for stating process
1 Mark for strength
1 Mark for limitation
X2
1
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6 Discuss problems that may • Data migration is moving data from
arise as a part of data migration
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• Issues that can arise (according to the guide) are:
Incompatible file formats, data structures, validation rules
Incomplete data transfer
International conventions on dates, currencies and character sets
Data often has to undergo a conversion process before it can be loaded into the new system
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1
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• No logical errors
• Testing is important because of
change management
• Testing - way in which ensure the
final product meets the client's
needs

• Testing - way in which ensure the final product meets the client's needs
Powerpoint:

These are not mutually exclusive alternatives
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Happens during development
• Alpha testing: The first stage of testing, done by the programmers themselves

• Beta testing: Later testing, done by future users when the system is almost finalised
• Black-box testing: Testing what the system is supposed to do, from the point of view of the user, with
no knowledge of how the program does what it does
• White-box testing: Testing the system from the point of view of the programmer, with full knowledge of
how it does what it does
• Unit testing: Testing the modules or components of the system separately
• System testing: Testing the system as a whole
• Acceptance testing: The last testing phase once the system is delivered to the user
• Automated testing: Using software to test software
How important is testing? Implementation of a buggy system can lead to loss of productivity, customer
dissatisfaction and can mean that users don't want to use the system
...

Consider how important testing is for each of the implementation strategies in 1
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5
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1
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The user
user documentation
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This is often referred to as user
• Online documentation
assistance
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Access it anywhere as long as there
internet
e
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any help menu from an internet
browser

• Electronic documentation
Included in an installation of
software
e
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Readme

• Paper documentation
For people who don't use internet
(elderly or challenged)
e
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Microsoft for dummies

Powerpoint:
• Non-technical (as opposed to system documentation)
• Installation, operation, troubleshooting
• Sample data and screens
• One of the biggest difficulties with a new system is a userbase that is unwilling or unable to adopt the new
system (old habits die hard)
• Good user documentation can go a long way to making a new system successful by easing the transition

• API documentation
Used in creation of software to aid in
use of API
e
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Microsoft API documentation

• Process documentation
People can know what, when, where,
and how everything happened
e
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The process documentation
containing plans, schedules and
messages

• Product documentation
1
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9 Evaluate different methods • Documentation - about information
of providing user
• Documentation provides
documentation
...
User documentation must be
accessible
Can be read by anyone
If they are disabled or challenged,
then they need a way to access it
...
Must have clarity
Needs to be useful, clear,
Needs to be translated correctly and
understood

3
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Cost efficient (for developer)
Make most out of the
documentation
Don't want it to spend a whole lot of
money

• Documentation provides information
• Documentation is supportive, is there to help
• User documentation provides information that helps users use a product and is self-explanatory
• User documentation must be accessible, have clarity, be time efficient and cost efficient
e
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PDF is more cost efficient for developer compared to thick book
Powerpoint:
Paper manuals:
• Don't need to be near a computer
• Need multiple copies
• Wastes resources and money
Online manuals:
• Can make use of rich media
• Can search
• Always available
• Might not be accessible to everyone
Interactive tutorials:
• Makes the learning process more interesting
• Dedicated support teams
• Can give accurate, focused assistance
• Increases salary bill

• e
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Thick book vs pdf (more cost
efficient)
• Cost efficient for developer vs user
• Cost efficient for developer is
focused
1
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10 Evaluate different
methods of delivering user
training
...
)
Easily accessible (anytime,
anywhere)
Nobody has to be there training
More people doing online training
Doesn't address individual needs

Topic 1 Page 10

• User training is ensuring that you are given staff the opportunity to learn how to use product before they start or
while they use it
• Training is when someone is taught a series of steps on how to complete a task
• It is a part of change management to ensure staff knows what they're doing
• Training provides a service where users pre-emptively learn a series of steps on how to use a product before
they start or while they use it
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Topic 1 Page 11

System Backup
6:25 PM

Topic

Class Notes

1
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11 Identify a range of causes
of data loss
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g
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SQL Injection
• Hardware failure
• Power failures
• External damage & forces (e
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from • User error (accidental deletion)
• Physical damage, eg dropping a hard disk
water)
• Power failure can cause data that has not already been written to disk to be lost
...

1
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12 Outline the consequences • Consequences of data loss
• Consequences of data loss
○ Ordered products may not get delivered to customer who ordered product
of data loss in a specified
• Selling products - people might not
○ Data on a medical patient's is lost and their treatment is wrong
get products
situation
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g
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g
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1
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• How to ensure data loss doesn't
occur
• Local backups (USB, external hard
drives, etc
...
)
• RAID, Redundant Array of
Inexpensive Disks (multiple hard
drives storing same data) locally,
remote

• How to ensure data loss doesn't occur
○ Local backups on USB, external hard drives, etc
...

○ Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) is where multiple hard drives store the same data either
locally or remote
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• Magnetic tape as a backup:
Takes up too much space
Tape may wear out and lose data
High capacity of storage
High Portability
Powerpoint:
• Back-up
○ Removable media: Cheap, simple to install (USB), large capacity, easy to move offsite
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○ Online: Always available, need internet connection, possible security risk
...

• Failover and redundancy:
○ A redundant system is a clone of an existing that is kept up-to-date in case the primary system
fails
○ Failover is the process of detecting a failure of the primary system and switching users to the
redundant system
○ This is often done with large enterprise servers because of the high cost that would be
associated with a server outage

Topic 1 Page 12

Software Deployment
6:27 PM

Topic

Class Notes

1
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14 Describe strategies for
•
managing releases and updates
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From https://compsci2014
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com/1
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14+Describe+strategies+for+managing%C2%A0releases+and+updates

Powerpoint:
• The software life cycle involves continuous monitoring, testing, bug-fixing and re-development
• Hence the need for multiple releases and updates of software

• Reasons include:
• Bug-fix (often called a "patch")
• Security threat

• User requests
• Additional features
• Mechanism: Software compares current release with latest release via internet
...

• Some software allows automatic update option, eg Windows update
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Topic 1 Page 13

1
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2 System design basics (10 hours)
Components of a computer system
System design and analysis
Human interaction with the system

Topic 1 Page 14

Components of a computer system
Topic

Class Notes

1
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1 Define the terms:
• Explain how a network can be used in a
hardware, software, peripheral,
system
• Compare hardware and software
network, human resources
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Write your algorithm in pseudocode then
Java
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• Peripheral: A computer device, such as a CD-ROM drive or a printer, that is not part of the main
computer but which is added to provide some extra function
...

• Human resources: The personnel or workers of a business or organization, esp
...

Question: Compare and contrast hardware and peripheral components
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2
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• A client is someone or something that makes
a request (doesn't matter if computer or
PowerPoint:
person)
• Client: A computer on a network that makes requests to a server
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When you go to student resources and double-click a file you are making a requestof
client and does what its told
...

• Server: A computer on a network that listens to and responds to requests from clients
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• Email server: A computer on a network dedicated to sending and receiving email
...
A computer on a network that translates between userfriendly names of network resources and their numerical IP address
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yahoo
...
190
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150
...

• Firewall: A computer on a network that limits the flow of data packets for a number of different reasons
including: port number, application, content
Question: Compare and contrast clients and servers
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2
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•

Topic 1 Page 15

System design and analysis
6:34 PM

Topic

Class Notes

1
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4 Identify the relevant
stakeholders when planning a
new system
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2
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• Observations and Interview
Strengths
Limitations
• Interviews - more informative
Observations
•
Takes
less
time
to
watch
because
•
Not as helpful as the interview
Ask specific questions
they're doing their job
• Interviewer may not interpret observation
Interview gives clarity about
• Not as intrusive method to gain data correctly
what client wants
• Removes bias because client is not
Gives clarity but may confuse
telling their side
you (cannot articulate as a
client)
Interview
• Gives clarity on what client wants
• Client may confuse you if they cannot
Interview takes longer
• Lets you ask specific questions
articulate what they want
• Observation
• Interview takes longer
Gives broad overview
Gives a look
PowerPoint:
Takes less time to watch
• Surveys:
someone work because
Adv: You can get information from a lot of people quickly
they're doing their job (not
Disadv: The survey may not ask the right questions
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as intrusive)
• Interviews:
Removes bias (client is not
Adv: Stakeholders can make you aware of things you hadn't thought of, unlike with survey in
telling their side)
which their answers are restricted
Not as helpful
Disadv: Time-consuming
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• Direct observations:
• Clients can be troublesome
Adv: Avoids bias
...
Observer can affect the process
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2
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• How you're going to implement
system

1
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7 Construct suitable
representations to illustrate
system requirements
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breaking something down to
A data flow diagram shows where data is going in a particular system
...

• Data Flow Diagram - shows where
data is going in a particular system
• Systems flowchart - shows what
the system does

PowerPoint:
• Examine the current system to see how it works
...

• Organisational capabilities
...
2
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• Prototype - an early version of a
product; to see if it's what client
wants

1
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9 Discuss the importance of

• Iteration (in case of this slide) -

Topic 1 Page 16

A prototype is an early version of a product
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2
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• Iteration (in case of this slide) process

• Improvements + new requirements

1
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10 Explain the possible
consequences of failing to
involve the end-user in the
design process
...
2
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distributed
• Privacy vs Safety from terrorists?
• Advertising links between websites
and ads on them
...

• Pirating content - Mass distribution
reducing capacity of creative types
to make money
• Artificial intelligence - Human
rights of AI?
• Hacking - safety issues?

Topic 1 Page 17

Human interaction with the system
Topic

Class Notes

1
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12 Define the term usability
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2
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Organised Notes
PowerPoint:
• Usability: The notion of how easy a system is to learn and use
• Learnability: How easy is it for users to accomplish basic tasks the first time they encounter the
design?
• Efficiency: Once users have learned the design, how quickly can they perform tasks?
• Memorability: When users return to the design after a period of not using it, how easily can they
reestablish proficiency?
• Errors: How many errors do users make, how severe are these errors, and how easily can they recover
from the errors?
• Satisfaction: How pleasant is it to use the design?

• Ergonomics: designing and arranging things people use so that the people and things interact most
efficiently and safely
• Accessibility: The ability of people to access and benefit from some system
...


Usability problems
PowerPoint:
Students should be aware of usability issues in a range of devices including PCs, digital cameras, cell phones,
games consoles, MP3 players and other commonly used digital devices
...
2
...


PowerPoint:
• Touch screen
• Voice recognition
• Text-to-speech
• Braille keyboard
• Screen magnifier
• Font adjustment and zoom

1
...
15 Identify a range of
• Want to make system easy to use for people
usability problems that can occur
in a system
...
2
...

• Machinery taking all the jobs
• Machinery improving the efficiency of
agriculture
...
Virtual reality
• AI can create human-like art/music/articles
• How we can communicate has changed
dramatically
• Wearable technology

Topic 1 Page 18

PowerPoint:
These should be related to the following systems:
• Ticketing: I have no idea what this means
...

I guess time zones could be a problem when you need online support
...
Compatibility
...
[2 marks]
Discuss the ethical implications of insisting people carry GPS devices [6 marks]



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