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Science
Notebook
Environment
- Pollution comes in many forms
- Sound, Chemical,
- Over one billion people don’t have access to clean
water

- Over 2
...


- Pesticide use has increased in use by 26-fold in
past 50 years
...

- Burning fossil fuels creates air pollution
...


- Noise pollution is caused mostly by man in man
areas
...


- Toxic waste in water causes millions to lose water
...


- Algae bloom is caused when fertilizer causes allege
to reproduce rapidly
...


- Some algae is immensely poisonous
...


- This causes massive damage to wildlife and flora
caught in corrosive showers
...


- Culmination of these plastics create “Ocean

Garbage Patch’s”, great areas of rubbish where
nothing can live
...

- This leads to a whole myriad of effects including:
species die out, Glacial Melting and biome
depopulation
...

- Seas warming leads to dying marine life
...


- 13% of CO2 emissions comes from deforestation
...


Elements Compounds
Mixtures and Bonds
...

- A Solutions is another name for a Homogenous
mixture
...

- A Heterogenous mixture means that it has not
blended at the chemical level and can be taken
apart by human hands
...

- Any other minor parts of a solution is called a Solute
- Like dissolves Like
- Solvent that are very polar will dissolve Solutes that
are Very polar
...

- Emulsifiers are used to stop Emulsions from
separating
...

- One end is a Water loving end, will not form bonds
with oil
...

- A suspension is where particles are throw into a
liquid and moved around, this creates a
Heterogenous mixture that looks Homogenous
...

- Colloids are mixtures that have particles evenly
distributed that stay in suspension
...


An Emulsion is two liquids
A Foam is gas in a Solid or Liquid
An Aerosol is Liquid or Solid in a gas
Colloids have an uneven distribution of because of
their makeup
- Therefore, shining a flashlight though a fog creates
an area of light
...

- All bases taste bitter
...

- Bases turn litmus back to blue after acids turn it red
...


- Acids and Bases conduct an electric current
...


- Bases are slippery
...


- Acids produce a Hydrogen Ion (H ) in a Solution
...
The H+ Cation of the
acid combines with the OH- Anion of the Base to
form water
...


- An equal equation must have the same number of
each type of atoms of each type on both sides of
the arrow
...

- Collations can only be divisible by 2
Bonds
- There are multiple types of bonds, these are
- Covalent Bonds, where one or more pairs of
2

2

2

electrons are shared by two atoms

- Ionic Bonds, where one or more Electrons are

removed from one atoms and added to another,
resulting in them being drawn together
...


- Hydrogen Bonds are created from a hydrogen atom
and a negatively charged another atom
...


- Different Chemicals will give different marks with

the ink as they each have different masses and so
will travel up the filter paper at different speeds
...


- Evaporation is where a Solution or Colloid is heated
so the liquid substance/s is evaporated away
leaving only the other solids behind
...


- Fractional Distillation is where two liquids with

different temperatures are boiled to the temperature
of the lowest boiling point and the condensation
trapped to be cooled back into a liquid
...


- Separating Funnel is where two liquids are put in a

funnel with a tap, the one with the highest density
will settle at the bottom where you can turn the tap
on
...


- Centrifugation is the process whereby spinning a
solution or Colloid in a circular motion you can
separate the liquids
...


- Ionic substances form when a metal reacts with a
non-metal, they have ions which make them
charged
...

- Electrolysis only works when the Ions are free to
move
...


- For example, if electricity is passed through a

solution of copper chloride it becomes copper metal
and chloride gas
...
They receive electrons
and are reduced
...


In Electrolysis negatively charged Ions move to a
positive charged electrode
...


- Being Oxidised means that oxygen is being
combined with a substance
...


Battery’s
- The first battery was invented by Luigi Galvani in
1780
...

- The first battery as we consider them today was
invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800
...

- Voltaic Cells are made of two different solutions
with a salt bridge between them
...


- One is called the Cathode and the other the Anode
...


- The side containg the Anode is oxidating, or losing
electrons, and acting as the reducing agent for the
Cathode
...


- This acts as a concentration gradient for both sides
of the half reaction, creating the movement of the
electrons though the wire, creating electricity
...


Atoms
- Ions form when two atoms are attracted to each

other because of their incomplete atomic shells
...


- This creates the ion Mg and the ion O
- The Electrons are taken from the most incomplete
+2

-2

to the most complete
...


- Atoms are split into two basic categories’: Metals
and Non-Metals
...


- When creating Ions remember that: Protons are +1,
Electrons are -1 and Neutrons are +0

- A standard atom has Electrons equal to its number
of protons
...

- When looking at a Element on a periodic table

remember that the atomic mass is at the top left
...


- You can find the number of Electrons from the

Atomic Mass by removing the Neutrons from the
number
...


- The first shell always has a maximum of two
electrons
...

Periodic Table
- The first column of the periodic table is called the
Aliki metals
...

- It is comprised of: Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg),
Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba) and
Radium (Ra)

- Columns 3-12 Are called transition metals
...


- It is comprised of: Florine (F), Chlorine (Cl),

Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), Astatine (At), Tennessine
(Ts)
...

- It is comprised of: Helium (He), Neon, (N), Argon
(Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), Radon (Rn),
Oganesson

Metal Properties
- Conductor Of Heat, eg Aluminium
- Conductor Of Electricity, eg Copper
- Lustrous, eg Gold
- Denseness, eg Lead
- Melting and Boiling Point, eg Platinum
- Tensile Strength, eg Steel
- Hardness, eg Tungsten
- Solid metals have a crystalline atomic structure
- Metals form with Metallic bonds
...

- By using a metal oxide in a blast furnace and

adding carbon the Oxygen from the oxide will leech
onto the carbon and leave the metal behind
...

- By sending electrical currents though an electrode
into a two-halved reaction you can strip the metal
from its solution or colloid
...

- Aluminium is extracted by Electrolysis
...


- Then it is put though a standard Electrolysis
reaction
...


Periodic Table
Hydrogen: Atomic Number 1, Symbol (H), 1
...

Helium: Atomic Number 2, Symbol (He), 4
...

Lithium: Atomic Number 3, Symbol (Li), 6
...

Beryllium: Atomic Number 4, Symbol (Be), 9
...

Boron: Atomic Number 5, Symbol (B), 10
...

Carbon: Atomic Number 6, Symbol (C), 12
...

Nitrogen: Atomic Number 7, Symbol (N), 14
...

Oxygen: Atomic Number 8, Symbol (O), 16
...


Fluorine: Atomic Number 9, Symbol (F), 19
...

Neon: Atomic Number 10, Symbol (Ne), 20
...

Sodium: Atomic Number 11, Symbol (Na), 22
...

Magnesium: Atomic Number 12, Symbol (Mg), 24
...

Aluminium: Atomic Number 13, Symbol (Al), Atomic weight
26
...
G
...

Silicon: Atomic Number 14, Symbol (Si), Atomic weight 28
...

Phosphorus: Atomic Number 15, Symbol (P), Atomic Weight
30
...

Sulphur: Atomic Number 16, Symbol (S), Atomic Weight 32
...


Chlorine: Atomic Number 17, Symbol (Cl), Atomic weight
35
...

Argon: Atomic Number 18, Symbol (Ar), Atomic Weight 39
...

Potassium: Atomic Number 19, Symbol (K), Atomic Weight
39
...

Calcium: Atomic Number 20, Symbol (Ca), atomic weight
40
...


Extraction Of Metals
...

- The method of extracting metals is different depending on
how reactive the metal is
...

- Gold is so unreactive that it is only found in its native form,
chemical reactions can be used to increase the purity of
the Gold however
...

- Iron is extracted from Iron ore in a Blast Furnace
...

- Carbon is more reactive than iron so it can displace the
Oxide
- EG: 2Fe2O3 + 3C ----> 4Fe + 3CO2
- In this reaction, the Iron oxide and ore is turned into Pure
Iron and the Carbon is turned into Carbon Dioxide
...


- Pure Iron Is soft and easily shaped
...
So there for it is to soft for many uses
...

- This type of Iron is hard but brittle, so it is converted into
Steel by removing some of the Carbon
...

- Other metals may be added for specialized Steels
...

- As Iron is the second most abundant element in Terra’s
crust steel is common and cheap
...


- Both have low density’s
...

This stops corrosion by not allowing the air to met the
metal
...

- Aluminium is more reactive than Carbon, removing
Carbon extraction form the refining list
...

- Aluminium is used with an oxide coating
...


- The properties of Metals change with the inclusion of other
Elements
...


- Common Alloys include Brass which is 70% Copper and
30% Zinc, And Duralumin Which is 96% Aluminium and
4% Copper
...

-

Transition Metals are found in-between columns 2 and 3
...


Copper
...

- If done in water it separates the Hydrogen and Oxygen
atoms into separate parts
...

- To create Electrolysis two electrical conducting rods called
electrodes, ether metal or graphite, are put into water and
a electric current is run through them from a connected
battery, The liquid must contain a compound, called an
electrolyte, that enables it to carry the current
...

- Ionic substances contain charged particles called ions
...

- Electrolysis only works in the ions can move
...

- Ions move to there opposite charged electrodes, EG:
positive ions move to negative electrodes
...

- Mostly sacrificial metals to prevent rust
...


Chemical Equations

P4

- A Chemical equation is a summary of what is happening
in a formula during a chemical experiment
...

Collison Theory And Properties Of
Metals P5

- The greater the speed of which the atoms move the more
collisions happen and therefor the more reactive the metal
...
e
...

Some Metals react violently I
...
Sodium
Some Metals don’t react or very slowly react I
...

Chromium
When Metals mixes with Oxygen and it reacts it creates an
Oxide
Metals + Water
When a Metal comes into contact with water and it reacts
it creates a Hydroxide
Most metals react with water
...

And some don’t react at all
...

- The metal used as the plate is called a Sacrificial Metal
...

- When two different Metals are in an environment where
corrosion can occur the metal with the higher reactivity will
corrode first and corrode the fastest
...


- This Zinc plated iron is galled Galvanized Iron
...

-
...


The Haber Prosses
-

P1

Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings,
whether heat or otherwise
...
g
...


- Endothermic Reactions take energy from surrounds,
normally in the form of heat
...
g
...

- Reversible reactions are also possible such as Ammonium
chloride
...
The reaction is reversible and the
production of ammonia is exothermic
...

- The pressure is different from each lab but as a rule use
200 atmospheres
...

- At each reaction cycle only around 15% of the nitrogen
and hydrogen is turned into Ammonia, the leftover gases
are recycled into the chamber again, give the conversion
rate a figure of about 98%
...


-

Avogadro’s law states that equal volumes of gases at the
same temperature and pressure will contain equal
amounts of molecules
...
This is what is determined by the equation
...

- So, the Haber process was invented by Fritz Haber and
Carl Bosch
...

- This lead to the industrialising of agriculture
- This changed the view of agriculture that the world held
...
This allows for
replenishment of the nutrients in the soil
...

- Acidic land leads to aluminium deposits in the soil
leaching into the ground causing the ground to become
both acidic and poisonous
...

- In the 90’s the land is getting sicker and sicker so they
increase the amounts of fertilizer they use
...

- This also caused chemistry changes in the water, leading
to even more death of aquatic and plant life in the
waterways
...


Crude Oil And Plant Oils
- Multinational companies paid farmers (Subsistence) to

grow palm trees whether they grew well in those regions
or not, then if the crops failed they would not buy the
products that they promised they would buy, so the
farmers went hungry
...
We then
need to remove the properties that are unfavourable to the
job we need it to do
...


- There are now giant deposits of plastics at the poles due

to the nature of ocean currents and the rate of plastic use
at the time of its conception
...

Potassium: Potassium ions essential to all known life, fertilizer
...

Sodium: Heat exchanger in nuclear reactors, Regent in
chemical industry
...

Lithium: Rechargeable batteries, Lithium Oxide is used in
special glasses and ceramics
...
Calcium Silicon Manganese (Steel Alloying for
enhanced mechanical properties)
...
Mag-Thor
(Aerospace Material and missile construction)
...
Alloy 6061 (aeroplane body
and chassis material)
...
Zamak (Several types based on forging and
process) (Firearms production and common household
equipment)
...
Steel (Diverse
Types based on forging and process) (Structural engineering,
household appliances, chassis of certain cars and trucks, toys,
high quality kitchenware, weapon production (firearm or melee)
...
Bronze
(Several types based on forging and process) (Electrical
Contacts, sculptures, musical interments)
...
Sterling Silver (Several
types based on forging and process) (Printed Circuits,
Photography, Antibacterial clothing particles)
...
Karat Gold (Several types
based on forging and process) (Jewellery, Gold Leaf for
decoration, circuit boards, microchips, wires, electrical
connectors)
...


- It was used by different cultures for vastly different things
...


- The Assyrians and Babylonians used it for road sealant
and boat plank sealant
...

- And multiple tribal cultures used it for medicine
...
They are then
left undisturbed for millions of years and the pressure and
minerals turn biological matter into Petroleum or Crude Oil
...


- Because Oil floats on water permeable rock layers have
oil in them or through them
...
This is where Oil companies
dig for oil
...


- It depended on 4 diverse types of refinement: Separation,
Improvement, conversion and Mixing
...


- At the top is LPG, or liquid natural gas / Butane / Propane
...


- Then Petrol and Naphtha, the latter of which is then put

though a chemical process or Mixing to form
Petrochemical basses’ olefins and aromatics
...
Aromatics are used in a wide range
of consumer products

- After that the kerosene’s are found, which are used for
aircraft fuel and heating
...
As
well as a series of heavier products such as Sulphur
...
The
Bitumen’s, which are used in road surfacing
...

Glaciers are named after the Latin word Glacies which
means ice
Icebergs are named after the Dutch word Ijsberg
...

Icebergs are broken bits off costal glaciers
...

There are several types of icebergs based on shape
...

Pinnacle icebergs are spirals
...

-Blocky icebergs are cube shaped
...

Solar radiation is one of the major ones
...

Heat flow also effects the melting of glaciers
...
E
...
Left-over heat energy
from friction
Latent Heat flow is important to melting glaciers,
sometimes even more important than solar radiation
...

Whereas glaciers in low-lying, moist and mild to warm
locations are melted by solar and heat flow, however in this
case heat flow is at least as important as solar, often more
important
...

Glaciers change extremely fast
...


- Briksdalsbreen advanced because it had more input of
snow than output, this is true of all glaciers
...

- Alaska’s Muir Glacier has retreated seven miles and lost
over two thousand five hundred feet of thickness
...
This raised global
sea levels by zero point five inches or fifteen millimetres
...

- Ice melting from outside Greenland and Antarctica equals
148 billion tons, or 39 cubic miles
...
This them compresses into ice due to the
weight of the existing snow and the rain, the cold
temperature and the new snowfall
...

This means that the Glaciers move or “Flow” downwards,
forming valleys over millennia
...
Sliding can them occur when
melted ice in the form of glacial flow causes it to flow
downwards at an exponentially faster rate, as it gets
trapped under the Glacier and removes some of the

immense friction of millions or even billions of tons of ice
trying to move over rock and sand
...
However, global warming in the form of climate
change causes Glaciers to melt during times where it
would, at worst be gaining no ground
...
This was
normally only happening in the summer, and in some
places spring, where the seasonal changes caused all the
mentioned factors above to happen
...

- Glaciers over the past 50-100 years are in general
retreating
...

- 10% of Terra’s land mass is covered in ice sheets and
glaciers
...


- However, as our population grows so does our air

pollution, this means that the longer our population
rises the worse our air gets
...


- The worse type of air pollution for New Zealand is

Particulate matter, this is from the burning of solids
such as wood for heating
...


- New Zealand has over 17,000Km of coastline
...


- APM or Air Particulate Matter is particles from

burning solids that disperse into the atmosphere
...


- GNS science is New Zealand’s first response on
APM
...


Sulphur
-

Pure Sulphur is odourless and tasteless
...

Sulphur in its natural form is a yellow crystal
...

Sulphur is used in many assorted products
...

Sulphur is the thirteenth most abundant element in
terra
...

Sulfuric acid is created when Brimstone is burned in
special equipment
...

This is because it has so many different uses
...

It is also becoming deficient in many areas due to
over industrialization of agriculture
...

Sulphur Dioxide is a colourless, soluble gas with a
pungent odour like rotten eggs
...


Pollution

- Humanity has breached 4 out of the seven barriers
...

- The more the chemical balance in the air changes
the harder it will be to change back
...

- You cannot use an economic viewpoint for
agriculture for any significant length of time
...

- In one-decade algae bloom has overtaken many
rivers
...

- Sulfuric acid in the atmosphere interacts with rain
water creating a diluted acid rain
...


Some places in NZ have breached
the national standard for sulphur dioxide
...

- Ancient earth terraformed into our current earth by
moving carbon dioxide into deposits throughout the
earth
...

- This includes monsoon farmers and Eco diversity/
species thriving
...

- Populations are migrating across earth like never
before
...

- The most common form of found carbon is coal
deposits
...

- Carbon is a tasteless, odourless black solid in its
most natural form
...

- The slow carbon cycle takes millions of years to
perform
...

- To move carbon from the air to rocks the process
goes as follows;
- Carbon in the air fuses with water to make a weak
acid, carbonic acid, which then falls to the surface
as rain
...

- Rivers then carry this to the ocean
...

- This over time traps biological matter
...

- This makes carbon trapping rock
...

- It can also be made from biological matter
embedded in layers of mud
...

- If biological matter builds up faster than it can decay
it turns into fossil fuels, such as oil and natural gas
...

- Volcanos do however put out more carbon than the
earth entraps each year
...

- It is believed that over a millennia Terra will absorb
85% of the carbon
...

- Plants require energy to live, like all known living
things, and use a process called photosynthesis to
produce energy
...


- The by-product of this is oxygen, the key component
for all known forms of non-plant life
...

- The Greenhouse Effect is the term given to a
phenomenon which is occurring currently
...
V radiation to
stay trapped under the atmosphere longer, there-by
causing an increase in heat
...


Radioactivity
- Elements are radioactive because their atoms are
unstable
...

- Gamma Rays are used predominantly as the reason
the Hulk exists, however exposure like what the
Hulk underwent would cause a level of cancer that
has never been seen before instead of transforming
you into a green rage monster
...

- Because of the finite number of Nuclei in an atom
the rate of radioactivity decreases over time
...

- Radiation is measured using a Giger Counter
...

- In Alpha Particle Decay 2 Protons and 2 Neutrons
are emitted from the Nucleus, this decreases the
Atomic Mass by 4 and the Atomic Number by 2
...

- Beta particles are fast moving electrons without any
Nucleus to hold them together
...

- Gamma Rays are High Energy Electromagnetic
Radiation
...
Non-ionising and
Ionising
...

- Ionising Radiation strips electrons from the atom,
creating an ion
...

- Superman from DC comics has a crippling
weakness to Kryptonite, which emits high amounts
of Ionising Radiation
...

- The Formula to work out the effects of Alpha
Particle Decay on atoms is M/N=E, where M equals
Atomic mass or the number of protons and neutrons,
N equals Atomic Number or the number of Protons,
and E equals the Elemental symbol
...
It also changes the element into a
new element, exactly 2 places below in on the
periodic table
...
An Example of
this is;
- As a reminder; In Beta Particle Decay a Neutron
changes into a Proton and an Electron, the Proton
stays in the atoms and the Electron flies off,
becoming a Beta Particle
...
This creates an
infinitesimally small amount of power
...

- When uranium-235 or plutonium-239 are hit by a
neutron three things happen
...
The Nucleus of the isotope splits into 2 daughter
Nuclei, both of which are radioactive
...
Two or three more neutrons are released
...
Some infinitesimally small amount of energy is
released
...

- Nuclear Power is created though the heat generated
by Nuclear Fission, this then boil water which turns
turbines, which then creates power
...

- Nuclear fusion involves atoms, in this example a
deuterium and a tritium, nucleus colliding and being
forced together
...
This means that for them to create
fission they would need to be moving incredibly fast
and be incredibly hot
...

- Tracers are Radioactive particles which leave
pathways which can be followed
...


Crude Oil Part 2
- Crude Oils are made of Hydrocarbon, or Molecules
made up of bonded Hydrogen and Carbon Atoms
...

- Distillation is the first process that separates
Hydrocarbons
...

- When a Hydrocarbon burns it can have different
outputs
...

- If it burns improperly it produces smog, water and a
larger amount of carbon dioxide
- If it burns incredibly improperly it produces a large
amount of smog, a small amount of water, a large
amount of carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide
...

- Global Warming is caused by a build up of
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
...


- Global Dimming is caused by the increase of solid
particles in the atmosphere, these reflect Photons
back towards the sun, leading to an effect that hides
the obvious effects of global warming
...

- It was used by different cultures for vastly different
things
...

- The Assyrians and Babylonians used it for road
sealant and boat plank sealant
...

- And multiple tribal cultures used it for medicine
...

They are then left undisturbed for millions of years
and the pressure and minerals turn biological matter
into Petroleum or Crude Oil
...

- Because Oil floats on water permeable rock layers
have oil in them or through them
...
This is where Oil companies dig for oil
...


- It depended on 4 diverse types of refinement:
Separation, Improvement, conversion and Mixing
...

- At the top is LPG, or liquid natural gas / Butane /
Propane
...

- Then Petrol and Naphtha, the latter of which is then
put though a chemical process or Mixing to form
Petrochemical basses’ olefins and aromatics
...

Aromatics are used in a wide range of consumer
products
- After that the kerosene’s are found, which are used
for aircraft fuel and heating
...
As well as a series of heavier products
such as Sulphur
...
The Bitumen’s, which are used in road
surfacing
...


- However, it has traces of other materials
...

- Limestone is an component in Concrete, Mortar,
Glass and many other products
...

- Thermal Decomposition is where a Carbonate is
heated, there-by exiting it creating Carbon Dioxide
and a corresponding Oxide
...

- Quicklime is used in building materials
- Quicklime is yellow when heated but white when
cold
...

- This reaction creates heat energy from chemical
energy, and can boil water
...

- Limestone is used to purify iron in blast furnaces
...

- When creating glass manufacturers add Sodium
Carbonate to lower the melting temperature,
however this makes the glass water soluble
...

- There are consequences to mining Limestone
...

- It also releases Limestone dust into the air, which
can cause lung problems
...

- This form of mining however causes massive
damage to the ecosystem
...

- The pits also are a scar on the landscape, ruining
the look of the land
...


Plastics
- Plastics are derived from natural products, this
means plants, coal and crude oil are common
sources
...

- These groups are called Fractions
...

- There are two processes to turn these fractions into
Plastics, they are called polymerisation and
polycondensation
...

- Plastic bags are in the top 12 most commonly found
items on beaches
...

- Plastic holds chemicals like PCB and DDT, both of
which are toxic
...

- Plastic production uses on average 8% of the
world’s oil use, 4% feedstock, 4% production
...

- Mechanical is done by shredding, granulation or
similar methods, it is done by professionals and
sorted by type and/or colour
...

- Degradable plastics can help ward against global
warming by becoming Bio-mass, this helps to
absorb Carbon
...


Global Sphere Notes

- Each Sphere is names after a Latin pre-fix
...

- The Geo sphere encompasses all ground based
items on the planet, whether it be mountains, dirt or
minerals
...

- The Hydrosphere encompasses all the water based
items on the planet, whether it be Glaciers, oceans,
moisture in the air or flowing water bodies
...

- The Hydrosphere extends several miles down and
several miles up into the atmosphere
...

- Because each individual Bio item is so small they
are put into Biomes for better ease of understanding
...

- The crust, this is the surface layer of the earth, and
is the smallest by mass, volume and density
...
This is the biggest layer by volume
...


- The Inner Core is the solid exterior of our core made
from mainly Nickel and Iron
...

- The Geo sphere also includes fossilized bones
...


Continental Drift

- Originally the though was that Mountins were
created by the earth contracting when it cooled
...

- He created the theory of Continental Drift
...

- This was proven by the existence of the Tectonic
Plates, which are massive plates of the crust which
move ever so slowly
...

- When these plates meet, massive pressures arise
...


Types of Rock

- There are multiple types of rock, each types based
on its molecular structure
...


- Igneous rock is formed by cooling magma
...

- Sedimentary rock is formed by layers of compressed
materials, whether they be other rocks or biological
material
...
It is incredibly hard, dense and heavy
...
It can be
used for
...

- Ingredient in Toothpaste
...

- Raw Material in chemical industry
...

- These are
...
5km high
...
This also contains
most of our weather
...
The ozone layer is inside this
Sphere
...
V
radiation breaking down Oxygen into the ozone layers
assorted gases
...
Meteors
bun up in this layer
...
Arouras
and Satellites exist in this layer
...
This layer is responsible for absorbing solar
Radiation
...

- The Exosphere starts at the uppermost end of the
Thermosphere and ends at the edge of out planets
influence at 10,000km
...

- A sub-type of the Hydrosphere is the Cryosphere,
which is specifically Ice, such as glaciers and snow
...

- The Hydrosphere also creates water movement
between the different spheres, this is called the
hydrologic cycle
...
5% oceans and 3
...


- This Fresh Water is split even further by Different
sources of fresh water, such as ice, ground water
and precipitation
...

- The Water Cycle is the continuous process whereby Water moves from sphere to sphere
...

- Humans have impacted the Hydrosphere in a large
way
...

- This has led to a change in the Hydrologic Cycle,
Hydrosphere and Cryosphere
...
It also helps disperse
Radiation that hits it, lowering the amount of U
...


Energy
-

Energy is an objects ability to do work
...

There are many different types of energy
...


- There are different methods of energy transfer
...

- This could be shown as such
...

- If you go one step further then Thermal energy
would transmit to the surroundings as well as
light energy
...
The thicker
the line or arrow, the greater the amount of
energy involved
...

- Heat is the amount of thermal energy an object
contains
...

- Thermal energy can be conducted three
different ways
...

- Conduction is where an object passes thermal
energy through touch
...

Radiation is a method of heat transfer where
no particles are involved
...

non-renewable energy sources cannot be
easily reused, such as fossil fuels
...

The most common form of this is U
...

All objects give out Thermal Radiation, this is
because all objects with heat release heat
energy in waves
...

This means it can still function inside the
vacuum of space, where there are no particles
...

Dark hues absorb and emit more Thermal
Energy than lighter hues
...


- Energy transfer Diagrams are typed as
followed
...

- There can be more stages to this type of
diagram
...

- That requires a Sankey Diagram
- Sankey Diagrams symbolise an amount of
energy with an arrow which breaks of into the
types of energy released from the initial
transfer
...

- The amount of energy is shown
...




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