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Title: ADRENAL GLAND
Description: This is an overview of the adrenal glands, including the adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. It outlines Cushing disease and Addison disease, the symptoms, pathophysiology and the treatment.
Description: This is an overview of the adrenal glands, including the adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. It outlines Cushing disease and Addison disease, the symptoms, pathophysiology and the treatment.
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ADRENAL GLANDS
The Adrenal Glands
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They are located on top of both kidneys
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− Adrenal Cortex
− Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Cortex
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This is separated into 3 zones to secrete 3 different types of hormones
− Mineralocorticoids- such as aldosterone which increases
reabsorption of sodium ions into the blood which allows water
to follow and helps maintain a normal blood pressure
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Adrenal Medulla
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Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline their actions include:
− Intensify sympathetic response in the body by causing vasoconstriction
− Fight-or-Flight response
− By increasing heart rate and force of contraction therefore increasing blood pressure
− Dilation of bronchi to increase air flow
− Increase blood glucose levels and fatty acids
Cortisol Action
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Stimulation of gluconeogenesis- the formation of glucose from a non-carbohydrate source
Protein breakdown- mainly in muscle fibres which would increase concentration of fatty
acids in the blood to be used for the synthesis of ATP
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Anti-inflammatory- inhibit blood cells that take part inflammation
Depression of immune response
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
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The hypothalamus detects a reduction in blood glucocorticoid levels and creates
CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING FACTOR sends to the anterior pituitary gland via the
hypophysial portal system
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
This is how humans respond to various levels of stressors
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Causes of Excess Glucocorticoids
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Excess corticotrophin releasing factor is released from the hypothalamus
Enlargement (hyperplasia) of the adrenal cortex
Excess production of adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Certain tumours can also secrete corticotrophins such as pancreatic tumours
Long-term treatment of steroids for example can cause it
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Very rare
Symptoms
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Hypoglycaemia and fatigue
Hypotension
Weight loss
Skin hyperpigmentation
Treatment
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Hormone Replacement Therapy
− Hydrocortisone (glucocorticoid) side effects include diabetes and heart disease
− Fludrocortisone (mineralocorticoid) side effects are hypertension
Title: ADRENAL GLAND
Description: This is an overview of the adrenal glands, including the adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. It outlines Cushing disease and Addison disease, the symptoms, pathophysiology and the treatment.
Description: This is an overview of the adrenal glands, including the adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. It outlines Cushing disease and Addison disease, the symptoms, pathophysiology and the treatment.