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Title: Carbohydrates-Biochemistry
Description: A review of carbohydrates from a second year biochemistry lecture series
Description: A review of carbohydrates from a second year biochemistry lecture series
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Biochemistry
Year 2- Study Notes
Carbohydrates
Classification Of Carbs
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One carbon has carbonyl group
Contain at least 3 carbon atoms
Other carbons have a hydroxyl group
Formula: (CH20)n
Structure of the smallest carbs
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Classification of Carbs
➢ Chemistry:
1
...
How many atoms they contain
3
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Sugars
2
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Non Starch Polysaccharides (NSP)
Or:
a) Polysaccharide (8+)
b) Oligosaccharides (2-8)
c) Monosaccharides (1)
Or:
i
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4 Carbon- Tetrose
iii
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6 Carbon- Hexose
v
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g
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How many chiral carbons are there in glyceraldehyde?
➢ There is one
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g
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Double bonds don’t count
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The D(+) and L(-) form
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The OH on the chiral
Carbon is on the left
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According to the diagram on the right you get a link from
The carbonyl to the OH on C5
Linear, Cyclic and Sugar Chains
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The OH on Carbon 2 is anomeric which means that it determines whether it is alpha
or beta
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If it is above the plane
then it is beta
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“ose” means it is a sugar
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Gluco means it is a
glucose
Sugar chains can form due to glyosidic bonds linking from carbon 1 to carbon 4
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When they form in a beta molecules it is known as beta 1-4
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These only form in alpha molecules
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Play a structural role in plants
Classified as fibre in our diets
Starch
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Composed of 2 polysaccharides (amylose and amylopectin)
Amylose comprises a long chains of alpha-D-glucopyranose linked by alpha (1-4)
Amylopectin-branched alpha-D-glucopyranose
Cellulose
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Made of thousands of Beta-D-glucopyranose molecules
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Glycogen
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Highly branched
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Fund in liver and long muscles
Composed of alpha-d-glucopyranose linked by alpha (1-4) and alpha (1-6)
Glycogen similar to amylopectin but more branched
Water gives it its 3D shape
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Structure of gluco-6phosphate
Deoxy sugars
➢ Formed when a hydroxyl group of a monosaccharides is replaced by a
hydrogen
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Amino sugars form structural components in cell walls and coats e
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N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl-muramic acid (NAM)
Sugar Alcohols
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These are formed when a carbonyl is reduced to a hydroxyl group to form an alcohol
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Biochemistry
Year 2- Study Notes
NSPS
Bacterial Lipoproteins
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These are large water soluble molecules that consist of a hetero polysaccharides
linked to a glycolipid
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Glycosaminoglycans
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Heterogenous molecules
Repeating disaccharide units linked to form linear polymers
The disaccharide always contains a hexose with an amino group, a uronic acid and a
sulphate group
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Highly ionised anionic molecules
They are excessively hydrated and therefore very viscous/gelatinous
Hyaluronic Acid: is found in connective tissue, synovial fluid, vitreous humour and
cartilage
Acts as lubricant and shock absorber
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Herapin: found in the lining of arterial walls
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Clinically used as an anticoagulant
Glycoproteins
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These are conjugated proteins containing a carbohydrate component
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CHO content can vary between <1% to >90%
On the surface of the cell
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They can occur as very large aggregates
They form the basis of extracellular matrix, connective tissues and serve as
lubricants
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They regulate the passage of
molecules through the matrix
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Cellulose: Most abundant organic structure in nature
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Cell
walls in higher plants
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Not branched
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Hemicelluloses: Heterogenous group of branched polymers of hexoses, pentoses and uronic
acid
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Soluble or insoluble
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g
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Pectin’s: Soluble and Branched
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g
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Extracted commercially from apples and fruit
rinds
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Gums: Water soluble
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Composed of sugars and their acid e
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glucose,
galactose, manose, rhamose, and their acids
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g
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5
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Found in algae, seeds and roots
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Additives food industry, thickens, stabilisers and gelling agents e
...
alginic acid
and corigeens
Title: Carbohydrates-Biochemistry
Description: A review of carbohydrates from a second year biochemistry lecture series
Description: A review of carbohydrates from a second year biochemistry lecture series