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SC-4317
BIO-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ASSIGNMENT

CALCIUM-BASED BIOMINERALS
IN ASCIDIANS AND MOLLUSCS

NAME

:

NUR ALIMATUL HAKIMAH BINTI NARUDIN

REGISTRATION NO
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4

SUBMISSION DATE

:

25TH MARCH 2019

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They both are classified under the
same major clade but is then divided into two different subphyla: ascidians from deuterostomia,
whereas molluscs belong to protostomia
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One of the differences between these two subphyla is that blastopore forms future
anus first in deuterostomia, whereas in protostomia, future mouth is formed first
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Phylogenetic tree among Nephorozoa

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Among these three classes, ascidian is
the most diverse class of subphylum urochordata
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Phylogenetic tree of Ascidians

Ascidians are marine invertebrate animals that are permanently attached to hard surfaces
on the ocean floor
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They are commonly known as sea squirts
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Characteristics of the tunicate tadpole larva

Ascidians generally come in three different forms: compound (one big sack), solitary (one
single ascidian), and social (a bunch of solitary ascidians gathered together)
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These two openings are called siphons: an incurrent oral branchial and an
outcurrent atrial siphon (Figure 4, 5 & 6)
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Ascidian showing the top siphon

Figure 5
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Internal anatomy of an ascidian in detail

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Molluscs live in marine and freshwater habitats as well as on land
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Molluscs belong to the phylum mollusca which is the second largest phylum of
invertebrate animals
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Lophotrochozoan is one of the clades of protostomia
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Platyhelminthes
Echinodermata
Deuterostomia

Rotifera
Nemertea

Nephorozoa

Chordata
Bryozoa

Ecdysozoa
Protostomia

Brachiopoda
Phoronida

Lophotrochozoa
Annelida
Mollusca
(Molluscs)
Figure 7
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Freshwater snails are important recyclers of
plant and animal waste
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Because of this,
molluscs are considered excellent ecological indicators of the freshwater and marine
environment as their indicator provides a window into the health of entire ecosystem

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