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Title: management information system
Description: Deals with system development life cycle..decision systems information technology and all about IT.
Description: Deals with system development life cycle..decision systems information technology and all about IT.
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NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF
NIGERIA
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
COURSE CODE: MBA 815
COURSE TITLE: MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEM
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
COURSE
GUIDE
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Course Developer/Writer
Course Editor
Gerald Okeke
Eco Communications Inc
...
Abimbola E
...
O
...
Onwe
National Open University of Nigeria
Course Coordinator Mrs
...
E
...
5 Dar es Salaam Street
Off Aminu Kano Crescent
Wuse II, Abuja
Nigeria
e-mail:
URL:
centralinfo@nou
...
ng
www
...
edu
...
1
Course Aims …………………………………………………
...
……… 1
Working through this Course …………………………………
...
3
Introduction
MBA 815, Management Information System
is a semester course work of two credit units, for post-graduate students
of the School of Business and Human Resources Management
...
that
will
enable
learners
Course Aims
This course is designed for the student to have an understanding of how
to design and develop an information management system within
organizations
...
It also
exposes the students to specific method of systems development, and in
details
...
Course Objectives
The Comprehensive objectives of this course include to:
• teach the concept of systems development
...
• identify the purposes and the key principles of systems development
...
1
...
• be
able
to
know
the
steps that
has to
be
taken
strategic information system plan for an organization
...
in
developing
a
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
2
...
3
...
4
...
• identify some issues that need to be considered in deign phase of a
system
...
be
able
to
know
what
are
the
deliverables
from
development,
integration and testing to be used for subsequent phases
...
• be
able
to
identify
and
discuss
the
success
factors
behind
the
operations of dynamic system development method
...
have an understanding of what project management is and how it has
developed over the years
...
identify the components of a project planning based on structure put
in place
...
understand
risk
assessment
and
management
in
the
context
of
management information system as a project
...
specifically,
understand
the
process
of
developing
a
geographic
information system
...
Learners are advised to read textbooks
recommended under the column for further reading and related materials
you can possibly lay your hands on
...
Answers to TMA are to be submitted for assessment purpose
...
Study Units
Module 1
Unit 1 Overview of Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Unit 2 Overview of Information System Development Methods
Unit 3 Strategic Planning for Design of Information Systems
Unit 4 Initiation of System Design and Development
Unit 5 Concept Development and Planning of System Design
Module 2
Unit 1 Requirements Analysis of System Design
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Unit 2 Design of System
Unit 3 Development, Integration and Testing of
System
Unit 4 Implementation and Disposition of System
Unit 5 Operations and Maintenance of System Design
Module 3
Unit 1 Dynamic Systems Development Method
Unit 2 Project Management
Unit 3 Project Planning
Unit 4 Risk Assessments and Management
Unit 5 Design and Planning for GIS
Assessment
• The assignments represents 30% of the marks obtainable
• Examination constitutes 70% of the marks obtainable
...
Ikeja, Lagos
Mrs
...
Adegbola
National Open University of Nigeria
Programme Leader Dr
...
J
...
Abimbola
...
Adegbola
National Open University of Nigeria
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
National Open University of Nigeria
Headquarters
14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way
Victoria Island
Lagos
Abuja Office
No
...
edu
...
nou
...
ng
Published by
National Open University of Nigeria
Printed 2009
ISBN: 978-058-235-5
All Rights Reserved
MBA 815
CONTENTS
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
PAGE
Module 1 ………………………………………………
...
1
Unit 2 Overview of Information System Development
Methods…………………………………
...
27
Unit 4 Initiation of System Design and Development ……
...
53
Module 2 ………………………………………………………
...
66
Unit 2 Design of System ………………………………
...
98
Unit 5 Operations and Maintenance of System Design ……
...
121
Unit 1 Dynamic Systems Development Method…………… 121
Unit 2 Project Management………………………………… 136
Unit 3 Project Planning…………………………………
...
165
Unit 5 Design and Planning for GIS………………………
...
0 Introduction
2
...
0 Main Content
3
...
2 Purpose, Scope, and Applicability
3
...
1 Purpose
3
...
2 Scope
3
...
3 Applicability
3
...
4 SDLC Phases
3
...
6 Systems Development Life Cycle Models include
3
...
1
...
6
...
6
...
6
...
6
...
6
...
0 Conclusion
5
...
0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7
...
0 INTRODUCTION
Many organizations spend millions of dollars each year on the
acquisition, design, development, implementation, and maintenance of
information systems vital to mission programs and administrative
functions
...
There is also a need to ensure privacy and security when developing
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
management information systems, to establish uniform privacy
protection practices, and to develop acceptable implementation
strategies for these practices
...
Using SDLC will ensure that systems
developed by the Department meet IT mission objectives; are compliant
with standards and are easy to maintain and cost-effective to enhance
...
The appropriate level
of planning and evaluation is commensurate with the cost of the system,
the stability and maturity of the technology under consideration, how
well defined the user requirements are, the level of stability of program
and user requirements and security considerations
...
These decisions
must be based on full consideration of business processes, functional
requirements, and economic and technical feasibility in order to produce
an effective system
...
This
SDLC
establishes
a
logical
order
of
events
for
conducting
development that is controlled, measured, documented, and ultimately
system
improved
...
Because there is wide variance in the methods, techniques
and
tools used to
support
the
evolution
of
management
systems, and
information project scopes vary greatly, the SDLC presents guidance
for selecting appropriate methods, techniques, and tools based on
specific factors
...
2
...
3
...
1 SDLC Objectives
Key to SDLC
An SDLC is developed to disseminate proven practices to system
developers, project managers, program/account analysts and system
owners/users throughout any organization
...
3
...
2
...
It
should be used in conjunction with existing policy and guidelines for
acquisition and procurement
...
2
...
It is applicable across all information
technology (IT) environments (e
...
, mainframe, client, and server) and
applies to contractually developed as well as in-house developed
applications
...
The
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
SDLC should be tailored to the individual
complexity, and criticality to the agency’s mission
...
2
...
All Project Managers and
development teams involved in system development projects represent
the primary audience for the SDLC
...
It
provides a structured approach to managing information technology (IT)
projects beginning with establishing the justification for initiating
systems development or maintenance effort and concluding with system
a
disposition
...
Specific roles and responsibilities
are described throughout each life cycle phase
...
3 Key Principles
The SDLC defines traditional information system life cycle management
approaches to reflect the principles outlined in the following
subsections
...
Life
Cycle
Management
Should
be
used to Ensure
Approach
Structuredto Information Systems Development, Maintenance, and
Operation
a
This
SDLC
describes
an
overall
structured
approach
to
management
...
The
SDLC provides a flexible framework for approaching a variety
systems projects
...
each
Support the use of an Integrated Product Team
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
The establishment of an Integrated Product Team (IPT) can aid in the
success of a project
...
The IPT is
composed of qualified empowered individuals from all appropriate
functional disciplines that have a stake in the success of the project
...
Each System Project must have a Program Sponsor
To help ensure effective planning, management, and commitment to
management information systems, each project must have a clearly
identified program sponsor
...
An approval from senior management is required after the
completion of the first seven of the SDLC phases, annually during
Operations and Maintenance Phase and six-months after the Disposition
Phase
...
The program sponsor is responsible for identifying who will be
responsible for formally accepting the delivered system at the end of the
Implementation Phase
...
Regardless of organizational affiliation, the
Project Manager is accountable and responsible for ensuring that project
activities and decisions consider the needs of all organizations that will
be affected by the system
...
A Comprehensive Project Management Plan is Required for Each
System Project
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
The
project
management
plan is a pivotal
element
in
the
solution
successful of an information management requirement
...
be
project
The management plan is a vehicle for documenting the project scope,
tasks, schedule, allocated resources, and interrelationships with other
projects
...
life
Specific Individuals Must
throughout the Life Cycle
be
Assigned
to
Perform
Key
Roles
Certain roles are considered vital to a successful system project and at
least one individual must be designated as responsible for each key role
...
Key roles include program/functional management, quality assurance,
security, telecommunications management, data administration,
database administration, logistics, financial, systems engineering, test
and evaluation, contracts management, and configuration management
...
Obtaining
the Participation
Success of the System Project
the
of
Skilled
Individuals
is
Vital
to
The skills of the individuals participating in a system project are the
single most significant factor for ensuring the success of the project
...
While many of the skills required for a system project are
discussed in later sections, the required skill combination will
according
to
the
project
...
Documentation of Activity Results and Decisions for Each Phase of
the Life Cycle are Essential
Effective communication and coordination of activities throughout the
life cycle depend on the complete and accurate documentation
decisions and the events leading up to them
...
Activities should not be considered complete, nor
project
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
decisions made, until there is tangible documentation of the activity or
decision
...
Data Management is Required throughout the Life Cycle
An organisation considers the data processed by systems to be an
extremely valuable resource
...
The large, medium and small volumes of data
handled by organisation’s systems, as well as the increasing trend
toward interfacing and sharing data across systems and programs,
underscore the importance of data quality
...
Each System Project Must Undergo Formal Acceptance
The program sponsor identifies the representative who will be
responsible for formally accepting the delivered system at the end of the
Implementation Phase
...
Consultation with Oversight Organizations Aids in the Success of a
System Project
A number of oversight bodies, as well as external organizations, have
responsibility for ensuring that information systems activities are
performed in accordance with standards and available resources are used
effectively
...
Assume
all documentation is subject to review by oversight activities
...
This
commitment is embodied in the assurance that the necessary resources
will be available, not only for the next activity, but as required for the
remainder of the life cycle
...
4 SDLC Phases
The SDLC includes phases, for example ten phases in this model; during
which defined IT work products are created or modified
...
The tasks and work
products for each phase are described in subsequent chapters
...
However,
the phases are interdependent
...
See Figure 1-1
...
1
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Life – Cycle Phase
A SDLC encompassing ten phases:
Initiation Phase
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
The initiation of a system (or project) begins when a business need or
opportunity is identified
...
This business need is documented in a Concept
Proposal
...
System Concept Development Phase
Once a business need is approved, the approaches for accomplishing the
concept are reviewed for feasibility and appropriateness
...
Planning Phase
The concept is further developed to describe how the business will
operate once the approved system is implemented, and to assess how the
system will impact employee and customer privacy
...
Additionally, security certification and accreditation
activities begin with the identification of system security requirements
and the completion of a high level vulnerability assessment
...
All requirements are
defined to a level of detail sufficient for systems design to proceed
...
Design Phase
The physical characteristics of the system are designed during this
phase
...
Everything requiring user input or approval must be
documented and reviewed by the user
...
Subsystems
identified during design are used to create a detailed structure of the
system
...
Detailed logic specifications are
module
...
Software shall be unit tested, integrated, and retested in a systematic
manner
...
Integration and Test Phase
The various components of the system are integrated and systematically
tested
...
Prior to installing and
operating the system in a production environment, the system
undergo certification and accreditation activities
...
The phase is initiated after the system has
been tested and accepted by the user
...
Systems development life cycle model:
There are a lot of SDLC models
...
relevant
models
Operations and Maintenance Phase
The system operation is ongoing
...
The operational system is periodically
assessed through In-Process Reviews to determine how the system can
be made more efficient and effective
...
When modifications or changes are identified as necessary, the system
may reenter the planning phase
...
Particular emphasis is given to proper preservation of the data processed
by the system, so that the data is effectively migrated to another system
or archived in accordance with applicable records management
regulations and policies, for potential future access
...
5 Documentation
This life cycle methodology specifies which documentation shall be
generated during each phase
...
Other documents are revised to reflect the results
of analyses performed in later phases
...
Care should be taken, however,
when processes are automated
...
Be aware of legal concerns that implicate effectiveness of or
impose restrictions on electronic data or records
...
3
...
6
...
The waterfall model simplifies
task scheduling, because there are no iterative or overlapping steps
...
3
...
2 Rapid Application Development (RAD)
This model is based on the concept that better products
developed more quickly by: using workshops or focus groups to gather
system requirements; prototyping and reiterative testing of designs; rigid
adherence to schedule; and less formality of team communications such
as reviews
...
6
...
3
...
4 The Prototyping Model
end user in the design
a series of collaborative
be
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
In this model, a prototype (an early approximation of a final system or
product) is built, tested, and then reworked as necessary until
acceptable prototype is finally achieved from which the complete
an
system or product can now be developed
...
6
...
3
...
6 The Spiral Model
This model of development combines the features of the prototyping
model and the waterfall model
...
4
...
This has resulted in the reduction of project time
and cost
...
to
5
...
• An SDLC is developed to disseminate proven practices to system
developers, project managers, program/account analysts and system
owners/users throughout any organization
...
Primary emphasis is placed on
the information
systems decisions to be made and the proper timing of decisions
...
• The SDLC includes phases, for example ten phases in this model;
during which defined IT work products are created or modified
...
• This life cycle methodology specifies which documentation shall be
generated during each phase
...
In the next study unit, you will be exposed to overview of information
system development methods
...
0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1
...
2
...
7
...
The Department of Justice
Systems Development Lifecycle Guidance Document
...
Introduction to Computers
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
UNIT 2 OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION
DEVELOPMENT METHODS
SYSTEM
CONTENTS
1
...
0 Objectives
3
...
1 Concept of Information System Development
3
...
1 Tacit method knowledge
3
...
2 Method use is a learning process
3
...
3 Evolution of Methods
3
...
3 Paradox to the Use of Methods
3
...
1 Low Acceptance and Use of Methods
3
...
2 Popularity of Local Method Development
3
...
5 Degree of Modifications
3
...
0 Conclusion
5
...
0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7
...
0 INTRODUCTION
This unit introduces you to historical perspectives and concepts
information system development
...
Finally, it examines the degree
modification and frequency of method modifications in ISD
of
2
...
3
...
1 Concept of Information System Development
In designing and developing management information systems despite
the efforts poured into method development and research, there seems to
be no universal agreement whether methods are useful in ISD at all
...
Of these questions two are especially important: “are methods actually
used in practice?” and “why are local methods developed?” The
importance of these questions is further emphasized because of the
contradiction between the great efforts made to promote text-book
methods and their surprisingly low use in practice
...
We can find reports and studies about
organizations which have found their local methods applicable or even
reported success stories of method use
...
3
...
1 Tacit Method Knowledge
The underlying paradigm behind many ISD methods is scientific
reductionism
...
The expectation of
a complete and explicit set of methodical knowledge is, however, too
narrow
...
This view of development and
use of methods is by no means wrong or “bad”: it has produced a great
deal of knowledge about ISD and led to the development of useful
routine procedures which are generally known and used
...
However, not all tasks of ISD fit the view of scientific
reductionism
...
Moreover,
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
part
of
the
knowledge
related
to
ISD
in
general
and
to
knowledge
methodical in particular is tacit and thus can not be expressed
...
As a
to
result, it is our belief that system development can not be completely
carried out by following pre-defined methods
...
Here, the fundamental assumptions
are uniqueness of situations and tacit, intuitive knowledge
...
Thus, methods need
to
be
maintained
based
on
from practice, transforming tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge
...
1992) without the use of any “explicit”
method
...
On the other hand, all ISD
efforts can not be carried out based on pure intuition and
knowledge (Jaaksi 1997)
...
Accordingly, a good method should take
both aspects into account, on the one hand, providing knowledge which
can be
rigidly
followed
as
routines and
on the
other
hand
human creativity and spontaneous
...
1
...
This view expects that
necessary knowledge about the method, whether it is tacit or explicit, is
all
available beforehand
...
For example, one of
the goals of ISD (Cameron 1989) is to eliminate personal differences
and even creativity from the development process
...
We question this by emphasizing that method use is a learning process
in which the current level of expertise is crucial to successful
(Curtis
ISD 1992, Hughes and Reviron 1996)
...
The former
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
means learning about successful (or unsuccessful) ISs
...
This learning about
methods means that they gain experience about the applicability
methods
...
of
Another factor explaining the low use of methods is organizations’
surprisingly shallow knowledge and experience of methods (see Aaen et
al
...
For example, a survey by Aaen et al
...
Similar results have been found in other surveys (cf
...
1990)
...
3
...
3 Evolution of Methods
Instead of viewing methods as finished articles, a view which few
method promoters take, methods must be viewed from an evolutionary
perspective
...
An indication of method evolution is that organizations
must deal with different method versions, introduce new method types,
such as object-oriented methods, and abandon old methods which have
been found inapplicable for new technologies and applications
(Bubenko and Wangler 1992)
...
The former deals with the general
historical perspective and the latter with how these general requirements
are adapted into local situations and how they affect the method
evolution
...
2 Historical Perspective of ISD
The method literature includes several reviews of the development and
use of ISD methods (e
...
Welke and Konsynski 1980, Bubenko 1986,
Norman and Chen 1992, Moynihan and Taylor 1996)
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Bubenko (1986) analyzed methods from a historical perspective: the
need for methods has grown while the complexity and size of ISs has
increased
...
Furthermore, the emergence of databases in the 1970’s led to
the introduction of data modeling techniques
...
Similarly, Welke and Konsynski (1980) characterize
advances in technologies, such as database management systems, which
were reflected in ISD methods
...
As a result, Welke and Konsynski
emphasize that method developers should be aware of technological
developments, as they form one key factor in improving and
maintaining methods
...
They
also
relate
evolution
method to CASE tools
...
For them new applications drive the creation of methods
is
and
later
lead
to
the
development
of
CASE
tools
...
For example, the emergence of graphical
user interfaces and CASE tools supported the introduction and use of
methods (Chikofsky and Rubenstein 1988)
...
1988), and SSADM (CCTA 1995)
...
For example, SDM (System Development
Method), has been developed and updated since 1974 because of the
changes in software tools, organizational impact of ISs, and the need to
support system maintenance (Turner et al
...
3
...
3
...
Thus, there is a paradox here between
the claimed advantages of methods, which should indicate high use, and
the empirical observations revealing low acceptance of methods
...
The low acceptance of methods is reported by many professionals,
confirmed by empirical research and recognized in many studies
focusing on the use of tools
...
Nevertheless, 90% of developers are familiar with
structured methods, emphasizing the low acceptance of methods
...
A study by
Fitzgerald (1995) into 162 organizations observes that only 40% of them
apply methods
...
(1987) into 97
organizations shows that 62% of companies used a structured approach
...
(1995) indicates that method use can be as high
as 82%
...
One reason for the variety lies in the selection of the sample and
in the definition of ‘method use’
...
For example, Fitzgerald (1995) included small companies which did not
have large ISD projects, companies which applied packaged software,
and companies which had outsourced ISD
...
On the other hand, studies concentrating on
method use normally show higher rates of method use, e
...
82% in
Hardy et al
...
Nevertheless, a study by Russo et al
...
Hence, even if the sample organizations would be the
same, respondents can have a different understanding of what methods
and method use mean
...
What does it actually mean when ISD professionals say that
they follow some method? For example, how fully should method use
be defined and documented, how completely should they be followed,
and how widely spread and obligatory method use should be in an
organization before we can make a judgment that methods are actually
used
...
(1995) 82% of
organizations claim to use methods, it does not mean that they always
follow them
...
An
organization’s own methods could fall into both categories
...
A field study
by Smolander et al
...
Moreover, Russo et al
...
This categorization shows that
most organizations having a method actually apply them (66%)
...
It seems that the use of surveys to study
method use and commitment to methods
...
Major benefits include enhanced documentation,
systematized ISD process, meeting requirements better, and increased
user involvement (Smolander et al
...
1995)
...
Methods are
also seen as limiting and slowing down development, generating more
bureaucracy and being unsuitable (Smolander et al
...
Hence,
introduction of a method changes the prevailing practices of ISD to such
an extent that the method is abandoned or at least its use
voluntary
...
There is some empirical evidence which explains which aspects
methods
and
their
use
situations
influence
their
success
(or
of
(Wynekoop and Russo 1993)
...
3
...
e
...
Surveys
investigating method use in organizations as well as case studies and
descriptions of organization specific methods reveal that organizations
tend to develop their own local “variants” of methods, or adapt them to
their specific needs
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Surveys indicate that local methods are more popular than their
commercial counterparts
...
Among the surveys, both Russo et al
...
Other
studies obtain similar figures: 62,5% (Flynn and Goleniewska 1993),
42% (Russo et al
...
1995) of organizations have
developed their own methods
...
(1995)
...
This means that organizations’ own methods do not
completely fit with the use situations in their projects
...
1995), however, have found that organizations which have
developed their own methods are more satisfied with them than users of
third-party methods
...
On the other
hand, few would announce that they have developed a bad method
...
Unlike surveys of method use, surveys of local method development get
surprisingly similar results, although it would be expected that the
distinction between local and external methods as well as between levels
of adaptation would be more difficult to make
...
To sum up, many of the organizations or projects which apply methods
do not use the methods proposed by others
...
g
...
This is noteworthy since commercial methods claim to have a
well-thought out conceptual structure together with process models and
guidance which have worked successfully in other ISD efforts
...
The reason for
local method development can not be simply a negative attitude towards
something developed outside the organization (i
...
‘not invented here’
attitude)
...
The relatively high costs, need for resources and
recognized ad-hoc method development practices (Smolander
1990) would also discourage local method development efforts
...
at
al
...
4 Re-Evaluation of Method Use
The two paradoxes above raise several questions about the acceptance
and applicability of methods in general and commercial text-book
methods in particular
...
Instead of viewing methods
universal, fixed, and readily applicable mechanisms for instrumental
as
problem solving we view methods more as being situation-bound and
describing only part of the knowledge necessary for ISD
...
Thus, the
evaluation of method use describes a new understanding of methods and
reseeks to explain the popularity of local methods
...
At least 14% of organizations are still
using text-book or commercial methods as specified and without
adaptation
(Fitzgerald
1995)
...
In this unit we are, however,
concerned with the rest of the organizations: those which develop their
own methods, those which adapt available methods, and those
organizations which could benefit from methodical support once
methods have been defined and constructed to meet their contingencies
...
5 Degree of Modifications
The degree of modifications defines how large the changes are that are
made to the local method to improve its applicability
...
Harmsen et al
...
The degree of modifications
could
also compare
two changes at
different times in
the same
method by analyzing the number of method components changed at
local
each time
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Hence, in the following, each degree of method modifications
discussed by analyzing the current method in use (instead of the current
changes)
...
Selection Paths within a Method describe one extreme of ME
...
e
...
Examples of these
contingencies include development of small versus large systems,
the use of prototyping, and the use of application packages
...
1995)
...
A Combination of Methods for internal use occurs when
chosen method, and its possible selection paths, does not meet the
situational contingencies
...
A study
by Russo et al
...
Accordingly, the adaptation can be carried out either by
combining available methods or by modifying a single method
for internal use (e
...
Bennetts and Wood-Harper 1996, Nuseibah
et al
...
3
...
Minor modifications into
known methods are no longer sufficient, and thus the developed
method does not have any close “relative” among other methods
...
(1996) characterizes this category as an effort
develop new conceptual
...
1996)
...
a
to
Locally developed methods are often considered propriety and
information about them is difficult to obtain
...
For example, Business Systems
Planning (IBM 1984) was originally developed to solve the problems
which IBM noticed in the management of its own ISs
...
1996)
...
6 Frequency of Method Modifications
The frequency of method modifications, explains how often a method is
changed
...
From the available cases four basic
ISD
categories can be found:
in
1
...
Thus,
new
versions
are
the
result
of
decided modifications
...
Similarly, if the method is supported by a method-dependent
CASE tool, the vendor can dictate the frequency of new versions
...
2
...
Examples of
such changes are outsourcing ISD, introducing new technologies
(e
...
Bennetts and Wood-Harper 1996), or starting to develop
new type of IS
...
This type of organization-wide
method change can occur many times a year
...
Method Modifications on a Project-by-Project Basis are
considered inures which need to be mapped to methods
...
Because each project is dealt with
individually this approach is relevant to project-based ME
...
e
...
4
...
g
...
Although methods are
typically introduced as a whole, the ME efforts analyzed show
that method adaptations occur frequently during an ISD project
...
whole
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
4
...
The first is to continue the widely
followed research approach to develop new situation-independent and
universal methods, compare them conceptually (e
...
frameworks), and
use them in cases
...
The second option is to pursue
comprehensive empirical studies on methods in realistic environments
...
The third option is method
engineering: to focus on mechanisms that support local method
development and use
...
0 SUMMARY
• In
designing
and
developing
management
information
systems
despite the efforts poured into method development and research,
there seems to be no universal agreement whether methods are useful
in ISD at all
...
• In addition, several empirical studies on the use of methods or tools
confirm the estimations on the low use of methods
...
• The
underlying
paradigm
behind
and
many
recognized
in
many
ISD methods
is
studies
scientific
reductionism
...
• Method developers have partly failed in introducing methods which
would be acceptable by the ISD community at large
...
Thus, the re-evaluation of method use describes a
new
MBA 815
understanding
local methods
...
Commercial methods are
modified for example by simplifying or by combining them with
other methods (e
...
Jaaksi 1997), or then organizations develop their
own methods
...
There is some
empirical evidence which explains which aspects of methods and
their use situations influence their success (or failure) (Wynekoop
and Russo 1993)
...
outside the
set of situations to which known
In the next study unit, you will be taken through strategic planning for
design of information systems
...
0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1
...
2
...
7
...
The Department of Justice
Systems Development Lifecycle Guidance Document
...
Introduction to Computers
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
UNIT 3 STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
DESIGN
OF
CONTENTS
1
...
0 Objectives
3
...
1 Definition
3
...
1 What is Strategic Information Systems Planning?
3
...
2
...
2
...
2
...
3 Major Contents of Information System Strategic Plan
3
...
1 Business Information Strategy
3
...
2 Information System Functional Strategy
3
...
3 Information System/Information Technology
Strategy
3
...
5 Benefits and Importance of Strategic Information Systems
Planning
3
...
7 How to Develop an Information System Strategy
4
...
0 Summary
6
...
0 References/Further Readings
1
...
It also exposes you to the importance’s and benefits of strategic
information systems planning, factors responsible for the failure of
information system strategy and how to develop an information system
strategy
...
0 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this unit among others are for you to:
• understand what is strategic information system planning and how
the concept associates with the general principle of strategic planning
• identify the factors that initiates strategic information system
planning
• be
able
to
know the
major
components of
a
typical
system planning
information
• be
able
to
know
the
steps that
has to
be
taken
in
strategic information system plan for an organization
developing a
• answer the question of factors that influence the output of a strategic
information system plan
...
0 MAIN CONTENT
3
...
Despite a history of neglected planning, information system and
development
need
effective
strategic
planning
as
much
and
more
perhaps than other functional areas
...
Without a clear view of value (the aim is (planning),
allocation of resources is unlikely to match that value
...
Planning
and implementing an appropriate information system strategy produces
the organizational confidence that information system will costeffectively deliver those strategic systems
...
Planning helps an organization to identify it information
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
need and find new opportunities for using that information and it defines
the activities needed to implement the chosen strategy
...
Underlying all management activities in government and organizations
is information, made useful and available through information systems
...
Some overarching mechanism is
therefore needed to guide and coordinate the use of the information
technology
...
Information system strategic planning consists of a series of steps from
identifying organizational objectives to auditing information system
resources, to prioritizing future information system developments to
detailing an implementation plan
...
system in
the
3
...
1 What Is Strategic Information Systems Planning?
Strategic information systems’ planning is a disciplined, systematic
approach to determining the most effective and efficient means of
satisfying organizational information needs
...
Under this approach, the
characteristics of the system’s hardware, software, facilities, data, and
personnel are identified and defined through detailed design and
analysis to achieve the most cost-effective system for satisfying the
organization’s needs
...
g
...
It is an iterative process in that changes identified during the
process must be evaluated to determine their effect on completed
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
analyses
...
3
...
Given
organizations may address information system’s planning different
that
ways, there is still a potentially common circumstance that requires
reassessment of the information system’s strategic planning
...
The
reassessment
referred
here
is
to
long-term element that provides the sense of direction; the what of the
the
plan (the short-term element providing the how of the plan)
...
2
...
The collective result of new owners, management, rationalization
programmes, restructuring exercises or other corporate changes is an
alteration in the real or perceived role of information system in matching
the needs of the new business
...
If these obvious symptoms are
present, then the information system’s strategy is likely to have as its
objective, the definition of new role for information system
...
3
...
2 External Competitive Opportunities or Threats
The likely symptoms of this type of change are the emergence of new
markets and/or products that may be created by information system or
the
competitive
need
for
major
cost
factor
changes
performance
...
This set of circumstances is likely to produce a plan where objectives is
to move information system’s resources in the widest sense of the term,
into the new but long-term commitment to high benefits or threat
protection
...
This plan focuses efforts and resources
upon those areas where the most good can be achieved
...
3
...
3 Evolutionary Changes
Probably a more frequent reason for reassessing the information
system’s strategy is that information system itself experiences an
evolutionary change
...
Growing is always painful since moving from one state to
another generates fears and anxieties
...
The
emphasis is upon setting and resetting resource levels and styles and
releasing and controlling information system in the appropriate way for
the stage of growth
...
3 Major Contents of Information System’s Strategic Plan
The content of a given organization’s strategic planning may vary
widely depending on its particular emphasis, and it should not be
forgotten that the process would tend not to be captured in the plan
document but are nonetheless real
...
e
...
• Provide a fundamental set
journey can be monitored
...
A clear statement of the information system objectives, that gives a
clear sense of direction i
...
where the organization wishes to be
...
An
inventory
and
assessment
of
both
the
current
organizational
capabilities and problems resulting from current practices i
...
where
the organization is now
...
A concrete implementation plan that translates the sense of direction
and knowledge of the start point into a navigable route map, i
...
how
to get from point’1’ to ‘2’
...
Additionally, the
information system’s strategic plan must acknowledge that
organizational change is an almost inevitable corollary to the
planning process
...
3
...
Priorities that the organization has for systems development are defined
in general, perhaps by suggesting a portfolio of current and required
systems
...
for
3
...
2 Information System Functional Strategy
This indicates what features and performance the organization will need
for the system
...
3
...
4 Information System/Information Technology Strategy
These define policies for software and hardware; for example,
standards to be used and any stand on preferred suppliers
...
For
example, whether it is to be centralized or distributed, what are to be the
investment, vendor and human impact policies, and information systems
techniques
...
4 Hierarchy of Company Strategies
Business Strategy
Corporate
Level Divisional
Divisional
Strategy
Strategy
Divisional Strategy
Business Production
Level Strategy
Marketing
Strategy
Information System
Strategy
Functional IT
Communication Level Strategy
Strategy
Manual System
Strategy
Software
Voice
Strategy
Strategy
Hardware
Data
Strategy
Planning Staffing
Strategy
Strategy
Strategy
Policy Guidelines and Implementation Decisions
Figure3
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
3
...
Readily available, complete, and accurate
information is essential for making informed and timely decisions
...
The organization
must
identify
its
information
needs
on
the
basis
of
a
identification
systematic and analysis of its mission and functions to be performed,
who is to perform them, the information and supporting data needed to
perform
the
functions,
and
the
processes
needed
to
most
structure
usefully the information
...
While implementing such an approach may not preclude all information
system acquisition problems, it should produce detailed knowledge of
organizational missions and operations, user information needs and
alternatives to address those needs, and an open and flexible architecture
that is expandable or that can be upgraded to meet future needs
...
vision
for
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
3
...
environment
is
too
unstable
to
permit
long-term
3
...
Where are we now?
2
...
How do we get there?
Information System strategic planning is presented as a complete,
objective, depersonalized, step-by-step process
...
The steps recommended must therefore be taken as
approximate parameters within which fallible, political process of
argument, negotiation and iteration will take place
...
This will consist of departmental heads and IT manager with the clout to
push through change
...
They set the resources for strategic planning, make
decisions on the options suggested, and ensure plans are implemented
...
MBA 815
Therefore the
system strategy:
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
following
are
required
in
developing
an
information
1
...
If
objectives are not known, use short-term plans instead even though this
makes it difficult to prioritize and review IT’s contribution to
organization
...
2
...
Information may be generic and shared across the
organization or specific to a particular sub-unit
...
3
...
For example, there might
overlap
in
the
information
needs
of
organizational
units
...
Present alternative solutions with their costs and implications
...
Conduct Information System Audit
5
...
This audit includes organizational structure and staffing; paperbased records; computer application with their hardware,
software and networks; IS undergoing or awaiting development;
and sources of training and support
...
6
...
The spread of open standards,
independent of any individual vendor, is helping but organizational
units are to build their own microcomputer-based information system
• Technical issues such as down-sizing, that is, the move away from
information system based on single, large mainframe computers to
cheaper, easier information system based on networks of
microcomputers
• Access to and
developers
...
Decide Information System Priorities and Strategies
Consider the finding so far with the information systems Steering
Committee; provide a broad indication of system priorities, and choose
between alternatives such as different types of technology
...
Costbenefit analysis should therefore be treated as an informed guess,
assisting a prioritization process decided more on gut feelings and
organizational, political factors
...
Estimate Alternatives and Decide about
• Implementation
by
existing
computer
center,
by
delegation
to
individual units, by creating a new information system organization,
or by contracting out
...
- Training, using in-house technical staff, or in-house users, or
vendors or external users
- System Operation that is, running and supporting computer
systems with in-house staff or contracting to a facility
management firm
...
• Standard methodologies to use for information system development
...
Determine Role of Financial and Human Resources
Provide core specific details on funding, its source and time-scale; on
any new organizational structures; on management of new information
system and related organizational changes; on new skills needed and old
skills no longer needed, and implication for training and job
...
Detailed Action Plan for Strategy Implementation
11
...
Completely review the plan
at the end of the strategic framework period or earlier if circumstances
change or if objectives are not attained
...
It produces a strategy report containing evidence, analysis,
arguments, and proposals on the steps outlined above
...
Once implemented,
strategy will often produce cross-organizational information system
...
0 CONCLUSION
The purpose of strategic planning for information system is to identify
the most appropriate targets for technological support, and to schedule
that technological adoption
...
Orderly planning allows information system to focus on
be
higher levels than simply completing projects
...
0 SUMMARY
• Strategic planning is the process by which an organisation identifies
its business objectives; selects the acceptable means to achieve them;
initiates the necessary causes of action and allocation of resources
...
to
MBA 815
• While
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
management
information system
produces information
that
assists managerial decision-making, information systems strategy is
a plan for information system and their supporting infrastructures
which maximizes the ability of management to achieve
organizational objectives
...
It
should be revisited periodically to ensure a system’s continued
viability in meeting information needs and achieving long-term
missions
...
• Information
system
planning
like
any
planning
is
not
a
one-off
activity; ideally it would be a continuous cycle synchronized with or
better yet, embedded into the cycle of general business planning
...
• Provide a generic description of information system required and the
technologies on which to base them
...
Cost-benefit analysis should therefore be treated as
informed guess, assisting a prioritization process decided more on
gut, feelings, and organizational, political factors
...
0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1
...
2
...
0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS
Information Infrastructure
Strategic Plan
...
Information
Technology
an
and
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Ward,
J, (1987)
...
Long Range Planning, Vol
...
Ward,
J
...
Whitmore,
P
into
(1990)
...
(1997)
...
for
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
UNIT 4 INITIATION OF SYSTEM DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT
CONTENTS
1
...
0 Objectives
3
...
1 Definition
3
...
1 Purpose of Initiation
3
...
3 Approach to System Design Initiation
3
...
1 The Statement of Requirement
3
...
2 The Project Plan
3
...
3 The Quality Plan
3
...
4 Project Control and Reporting
3
...
5 Project Control Log
3
...
6 Project Completion
3
...
7 Project Initiation Checklist of Requirements
3
...
5 Deliverables
3
...
7 Phase Review Activity
4
...
0 Summary
6
...
0 References/Further ReadingS
1
...
This unit focuses on
approach to systems design initiation, related tasks and activities, phase
review activities, deliverables, roles and responsibilities related to
system design and development
...
0 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this unit of the course are for you to:
• understand what is, and how to initiate a information system design
and development project
• explain the factors that trigger the initiation of information system is
design
• identify the activities that constitutes the initiation process
• have a checklist to guide in the process of design initiation
...
0 MAIN CONTENT
3
...
It will involve the identification of activities,
tasks and a sequence in a project schedule, including both milestones
and deadlines
...
of
This is when the individual project is initiated
...
3
...
1 Purpose of Initiation
The Initiation Phase begins when management determines that it
necessary to enhance a business process through the application
is
information technology
...
MIS projects may be initiated as a result of business process,
improvement activities, changes in business functions, advances in
information technology, or may arise from external sources, such
public
law,
the
general
public
or
state/local
agencies
...
During this phase, a Project Manager is appointed
the
who prepares a Statement of Need or Concept Proposal
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Design Project Initiation Diagram
Figure 4
...
2 Tasks and Activities
The following activities are performed as part of the Initiation Phase
...
For
every MIS project, the agency should designate a responsible
organization and assign that organisation sufficient resources to execute
the project
...
A business scenario
and context must be established in which a business problem is clearly
expressed in purely business terms
...
This background information must not offer or predetermine any
specific automated solution, tool, or product
...
the
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Form (or Appoint) a Project Organization
This activity involves the appointment of a project manager who carries
both
the
responsibility
and
accountability
for
project
execution
...
For
new,
major
projects,
a
completely
new
support
element may be
organizational formed - requiring the hiring and reassignment of many
technical and business specialists
...
The
individual selected will have appropriate skills, experience, credibility,
and availability to lead the project
...
and
The Project Manager will work with Stakeholders to identify the scope
of the
proposed
program, participation
of
the
key organizations,
potential individuals who can participate in the formal reviews of the
and
project
...
In view of the nature and scope
of the proposed program, the key individuals and oversight committee
members who will become the approval authorities for the project will
be identified
...
Review an Approval to Proceed
The approval of the Concept Proposal identifies the end of the Initiation
Phase
...
Other forms of tasks include the following
• Set initial project objectives and scope
...
• Define project's benefits
...
• Prepare preliminary project timeline
...
• Establish business user participation
...
• Decide whether to continue with project
...
• Create formal project plan document
...
3
...
One of the first actions on a project, once the client has confirmed the
appointment of the consultant, will be to confirm the appointment of the
project manager
...
This will include the defining of the
roles and responsibilities associated with this structure
...
4
...
2
Establishing Structure
The success and profitability of a project is normally determined at the
time a design project plan is established
...
The approach to follow assumes that a contract is not
yet in place and will be one of the activities completed during
project initiation stage
...
3
...
This must be a thorough document which is:
of
Statement
• Unambiguous
• fully defined or complete
• verifiable deliverables
• no conflicts
• consistent
• auditable
The SOR will be the document against which change control will be
exercised
...
Where consultants
are involved, the client or sponsor, SOR, will normally form the basis of
the proposal
...
This will be the cornerstone of the project
...
3
...
The plan
should normally contain the following information:
• Introduction and status of the plan
• The authorization procedures
• Statement of project objectives
• Statement of requirements
• Deliverables in the project
• A Work Breakdown Structure
• The project milestones
• The resource requirements
• Interdependencies of work
• The timetable of events
• Staffing, organization, and responsibilities
• Development methods and toolsets to be used
• Source documentation
• Resource and financial summary
This information creates the generation of a Project Book (log)
...
These logs are
and
now often retained as computer file, which enables a greater level of
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
security to be maintained over
established as an automatic feature
...
3
...
The quality plan will be
presented as a section in the project plan
...
You would expect the quality plan to contain the following
elements:
• Statement of the quality control organization
• Identification of specific standards and methods that will be used
• Definition of the quality control procedures; this is aligned to
Work
• Breakdown structure
• Specification of quality milestones
• Detail of unusual features
the
• Change, control, and configuration management
• Detail of acceptance procedures
• Specification of quality assurance procedures
3
...
4 Project Control and Reporting
Project control may be considered to be one of the continuous objectives
for the project manager
...
The prime objective is to
protect the integrity of the project at all times
...
The frequency of project reporting is agreed at the outset of the project
...
These
are then consolidated at monthly intervals to show:
• Project Status Report
• Financial Status Report
• The Client Report
Reports should describe any deviations from plan and highlight any
problems on the project
...
Reports should also indicate progress against milestone achievement
...
3
...
It is useful to note what information
should be contained in the log and maintained:
be
• Copy of contract
• Project terms of reference
• Statement of Requirement
• The Project Plan (including Quality Plan)
• Project status reports
• Financial status reports and cost estimates
• Resource Plans
• Client Reports
• Milestone Reports
• Exception Conditions
• Change Control documents
• Deliverable Reports
• Summary completion reports
• Quality control records
• Resource resumes (CVs)
• Cost Ledgers
• Expense Reports
3
...
6 Project Completion
At
the
end
of
projects
the
project
manager
has
actions
...
The following checklist is offered to assist this process:
certain
• Produce a project debriefing report raising any important issues that
may assist future projects
...
• Obtain written acceptance documents from the Acceptor
...
• Raise
a
final
completion report
on
the
project
achieved
...
• Lodge any specific standards with QA office
...
indicating
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• Report to the programme manager where the project forms part of a
large programme
...
3
...
7 Project Initiation Checklist of Requirements
As an aid to help in considering depth of coverage at project initiation, I
have provided a brief checklist for compliance checking:
• Every project must have a project manager appointed
...
• The client must provide a written Terms of Reference statement
...
• Each project must have a plan
...
• There must be plans to cover (a) a detailed work breakdown
structure, (b) costs, (c) resource estimates
...
• Methods and toolsets to be used are to be defined
...
• Documentation standards are to be complied with
...
• Control documents must be maintained
...
• Individual roles and responsibilities must be clearly defined
...
• The project log must be kept up to date at all times and when the
project is complete it should be properly archived
...
• clear understanding of the relationships between individuals in the
project organisation structure, including roles and responsibilities
...
• The levels of
personal
commitments are
achieved by establishing
explicit goals for individuals
...
With responsibilities
goals clearly understood, there should never be any ambiguity about
the project
...
3
...
Sponsor: The Sponsor is the senior spokesperson for the project, and
is responsible for ensuring that the needs and accomplishments
within the business area are widely known and understood
...
timely
2
...
includes establishing detailed project plans and schedules
...
5 Deliverables
The following deliverables shall be initiated during the Initiation Phase:
Concept Proposal - This is the need or opportunity to improve business
functions
...
3
...
opportunities in Avoid identifying a specific product or vendor as the
solution
...
3
...
The Concept Proposal should convey that
before
this project is a good investment and identify any potential impact on the
infrastructure/architecture
...
It should include the following:
• Information System Preliminary Requirements
• Project Scope Document
• Preliminary Project Plan
• Next Stage Project Plans
• Needs Analysis Report
approved
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• Decision As To Whether To Proceed With Project As Defined
...
0 CONCLUSION
The cause of many project failures can be traced back to the early days
of the project
...
The fault is that everyone hoped it would go away
...
The Sponsor has a responsibility to the project
...
If there is a major success-threatening issue that the Project
Manager cannot resolve, and the Sponsor cannot resolve, the Sponsor
has the obligation to stop the project
...
Project initiation is about scouting around to find out if there are any
problems that will impede progress and addressing them on day one
...
It also means that
planning can be more effective because, the project manager better
understands the context of the project
...
It is about understanding if we have a project,
everyone see it as the same project and can it be a successful project
...
0 SUMMARY
• Design project initiation may be defined as the process of defining
planned deliverables and anticipation
order to complete a design project
...
• MIS projects may be initiated as a result of business
improvement activities, changes in business functions, advances in
information technology, or may arise from external sources, such as
public law, the general public or state/local agencies
...
of
the
Concept
Proposal
identifies the
end
the
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• The success and profitability of a project is normally determined at
the time a design project plan is established
...
• Every project must have
a
quality
plan
...
• At the end of projects the project manager has certain
actions
...
mandatory
achieved by establishing
• When a consultant is assigned in order to advise on project initiation,
there will be a very structured approach as to how advice will be
given
...
• At the end of phase review activities,
is approved before proceeding to the next phase
...
and
will
be
exposed
the
to
Concept
concept
Proposal
development
6
...
Discuss
the
factors
that
can
bring
about
the
initiation
of
management information system design
...
Enumerate 5 project design tasks and activities
...
0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS
Glenn Strange; Project Initiation- a Consultancy Approach
...
Project Perfect
...
(1997)
...
0 introduction
2
...
0 Main Content
3
...
1
...
1
...
1Concept Development
3
...
1
...
2 Roles and Responsibilities
3
...
1 Concept Development
3
...
2 Planning
3
...
3
...
3
...
4 Issues for Consideration
3
...
1 Concept Development
3
...
2 Planning
3
...
5
...
5
...
0 Conclusion
5
...
0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7
...
0 INTRODUCTION
This unit dwells on planning of system design and the development of
their concepts
...
2
...
3
...
1 Tasks and Activities
3
...
1 Concept Development
System Concept Development begins when the Concept Proposal has
been formally approved and requires study and analysis that may lead to
system development activities
...
Planning
Many of the plans essential to the success of the entire project
created in this phase; the created plans are then reviewed and updated
are
throughout the remaining SDLC phases
...
To ensure the products and/
or services provide the required capability on-time and within budget,
project resources, activities, schedules, tools, and reviews are defined
...
3
...
1
...
The results of these activities are captured in the
four phase documents and their underlying institutional processes and
procedures (See Figure 4-1)
...
These alternatives should then be analyzed from a life cycle cost
perspective
...
Typically, these studies should narrow the system technical
approaches to only a few potential, desirable solutions that should
proceed into the subsequent life cycle phases
...
These high-level estimates are further
refined in subsequent phases
...
The project
team should determine the strategies to be used during the remainder of
the project concurrently with the development of the CBA and
Feasibility Study
...
Study and Analyze the Risks
Identify any programmatic or technical risks
...
The results of
assessments should be summarized in the SBD and documented in the
Risk Management Plan and CBA
...
Review and Approval to Proceed
The results of the phase efforts are presented to project stakeholders and
decision makers together with a recommendation to (1) proceed into the
next life-cycle phase, (2) continue additional conceptual phase activities,
or (3) terminate the project
...
The review also addresses the availability of
resources to execute the subsequent life-cycle phases
...
3
...
1
...
The
results of these activities are captured in various project
solicitation documents
...
For
example,
one
strategy
option
would
active
include participation of system contractors in the Requirements Analysis
Phase
...
If contractors will be used to complete the required
documents, up-front acquisition planning is essential
...
Develop a detailed schedule for the Requirements
Analysis Phase and subsequent phases
...
This could result in the establishment of teams or working
groups for specific tasks, (e
...
, quality assurance, configuration
management, changes control)
...
Staff Project Office
Further, staff the project office with needed skills across the broad range
of technical and business disciplines
...
If needed, solicit and
award support contracts to provide needed non-personal services that are
not available through agency resources
...
These organizations
may include agency and oversight offices, agency personnel offices,
agency finance offices, internal and external audit organizations, and
agency resource providers (people, space, office equipment,
communications, etc)
...
Develop
a detailed project work breakdown structure
...
of the strategy to execute
project (SEMP)
...
Confirm
continued validity of the need (SBD)
...
Plan the Solicitation, Selection and Award
During
this
phase
or subsequent
phases,
as
required
Acquisition Regulation (FAR), plan the solicitation, selection and award
Federal
of contracted efforts based on the selected strategies in the SBD
...
As
appropriate, execute the solicitation and selection of support and system
contractors for the subsequent phases
...
This is the Concept of Operations
...
3
...
2
...
• Project Manager: The appointed project manager is charged with
leading the efforts to accomplish the System Concept Development
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Phase tasks discussed above
...
• Component
Chief
Information
Officer
(CIO)
and
Executive
Review Board (ERB): The CIO/ERB approves
Boundary Document
...
the System’s
to enter the
3
...
2 Planning
• Project
Manager: The
project
manager
is
responsible
and
accountable for the successful execution of the Planning Phase
...
The project manager is also
responsible for reviewing deliverables for accuracy, approving
deliverables; and providing status reports to management
...
• Contracting
Officer: The
contracting
officer
is
responsible
for
and
accountable for the procurement activities and signs contract awards
...
Additionally,
oversight activities provide information, judgments, and
recommendations to the agency decision makers during project
reviews and in support of project decision milestones
...
This
individual should be charged with assessing:
(1) the completeness of the planning phase activities,
(2) the robustness of the plans for the next life-cycle phase,
(3) the availability of resources to execute the next phase, and
(4) the acceptability of the acquisition risk of entering the next phase
...
During the end of phase review process, the decision maker may (1)
direct the project to move forward into the next life-cycle phase
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
(including awarding contracts), (2) direct the project to remain in the
Planning Phase pending completion of delayed activities or additional
risk reduction efforts, or (3) terminate the project
...
3 Deliverables
3
...
1 Concept Development
The following deliverables shall be initiated during the System Concept
Development Phase:
System Boundary Document (SBD) - Identifies the scope of a system
(or cap ability)
...
It records
management decisions on the envisioned system early in its
development and provides guidance on its achievement
...
The analysis should
clearly indicate the cost to conform to the architectural standards in the
Technical Reference Model (TRM)
...
Risk Management Plan - Identifies project risks and specifies the plans
to reduce or mitigate the risks
...
3
...
The plan is developed to help
ensure that needed resources can be obtained and are available when
needed
...
The plan
also
should
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
define the configuration, management structure,
responsibilities to be used in executing these processes
...
with
the
Concept of Operations
The CONOPS is a high-level requirements document that provides a
mechanism for users to describe their expectations from the system
System Security Plan
A formal plan detailing the types of computer security is required for the
new system based on the type of information being processed and the
degree of sensitivity
...
Project Management Plan
This plan should be prepared for all projects, regardless of size or scope
...
The plan provides details on the functional units involved, required job
tasks, cost and schedule performance measurement, milestone
review scheduling
...
The Project
Management Plan should address the management oversight activities of
the project
...
This plan should include
descriptions of contractor, government, and appropriate independent
assessments required by the project
...
System’s Engineering Management Plan
The SEMP describes the system is engineering process to be applied to
the project; assigns specific organizational responsibilities for
the
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
technical effort, and references technical processes to be applied to the
effort
3
...
4
...
The Project Manager takes a number of project continuation and
project approach decisions
...
Automated
Processing (ADP) position designation analysis, applies to all
Data
organizational personnel, including contract support personnel who are
nominated to fill an ADP position
...
The sensitivity analysis should be conducted only
to determine an individual’s eligibility or continued eligibility for access
to ADP systems, or to unclassified sensitive information
...
an
Identification of Sensitive Systems
Public Law 100-235, the Computer security Act of 1987 of
requires Federal agencies to identify systems that contain sensitive
USA,
information
...
SBU data
are
any
information
that the loss,
misuse, or
access to, or
unauthorizedmodification of, could adversely affect the national interest,
the conduct of organizational programs, or the privacy to which
individuals are entitled under the Privacy Act
...
Project Continuation Decisions
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
The feasibility study and CBA confirm that the defined
management concept is significant enough to warrant an IT project with
life-cycle management activities
...
The CBA confirms that the projected benefits of the proposed approach
justify the projected resources required
...
3
...
2 Planning
Audit Trails
Audit trails, capable of detecting security violations, performance
problems and flaws in applications, should be specified
...
Identify any events that are to be
and
maintained regarding the operating system, application and user activity
...
3
...
5
...
The review ensures that the goals and objectives of the
system are identified and that the feasibility of the system is established
...
This review is
organized, planned, and led by the Program Manager and/or
representative
...
5
...
The review should address:
(1) Planning Phase activities status,
(2) planning status for all subsequent life-cycle phases (with
significant detail on the next phase, to include the status
pending contract actions),
of
(3) resource availability status, and
(4) acquisition risk assessments of subsequent life cycle phases given
the planned acquisition strategy
...
0 CONCLUSION
Concept development plays strategic role in defining the outcome of a
systems development
...
It is concept development that actually initiates the whole
idea of developing a system
...
Without adequate planning, no matter the potentials of the
concept, the designed system will equally fail
...
0 SUMMARY
• System
Concept
Development
begins when the Concept
Proposal
has been formally approved and requires study and analysis that may
lead to system development activities
...
should analyze
all
alternatives to meeting
feasible
the
• The project team should develop high-level (baseline) schedule, cost,
and performance measures which are summarized in the
Boundary Document (SBD)
...
• Establish
relationships and
agreements with
internal
organizations that will be involved with the project
...
• Audit trails, capable of detecting security violations,
problems and flaws in applications should be specified
...
the
In the next study unit, you will be taken through requirements analysis
of system design
...
0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
Compare and contract concept development and planning in
tasks activities and roles in the design and development of information
system
...
0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS
Information Resources Management (2003)
...
Norton, P (1995)
...
Macmillan/McGraw-Hill
...
0 Introduction
2
...
0 Main Content
3
...
2 Tasks and Activities
3
...
4 Deliverables
3
...
6 Phase Review Activity
4
...
0 Summary
6
...
0 References/Further Readings
1
...
with
Documentation
In this unit, you will be made to understand the requirements analysis of
system deign
...
0 OBJECTIVES
This unit is designed for you to:
• understand what
constitutes requirement analysis in designing and
developing information system
• identify the tasks you need to embark on during the requirement
analysis phase of systems development
• comfortably answer the question of responsibilities and roles in
executing the requirement analysis of a systems design project
• identify
some
analysis
...
0 MAIN CONTENT
3
...
Documentation related to user requirements from the Planning Phase
shall be used as the basis for further user needs analysis
development of detailed user requirements
...
and
During the Requirements Analysis Phase, the system shall be defined in
more detail with regard to system inputs, processes, outputs, and
interfaces
...
The
system shall be described in terms of the functions to be performed, not
in terms of computer programs, files, and data streams
...
3
...
The tasks and activities actually performed depend on the nature
of the project
...
Analyze the intended
use of the system, and specify the functional and data requirements
...
Define
functional and system is requirements that are not easily expressed in
data and process models
...
A logical model is constructed that describes the fundamental processes
and data needed to support the desired business functionality
...
These processes will be derived from the activity
descriptions provided in the System Boundary Document
...
End-users and business area experts will evaluate all identified
processes and data structures to ensure accuracy, logical consistency,
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
and completeness
...
An interaction analysis is performed to define the interaction between
the business activities and business data
...
A detailed analysis
of the current technical architecture, application software, and data is
conducted to ensure that limitations or unique requirements have not
been overlooked
...
Develop Test Criteria and Plans
Establish the test criteria and begin test planning
...
Identify the
human
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
testing environment, what tests will be performed, test procedures; and
traceability back to the requirements
...
If
individual modules are being tested separately, this needs to be stated in
the Master Plan
...
Develop an Interface Control Document
The project team responsible for the development of this system, needs
to articulate the other systems (if any) this system will interface with
...
All areas that connect need to be documented for security as
well as information flow purposes
...
A Records Management representative
will determine if what you plan constitutes a system as a Privacy Act
System of Records
...
If needed, a Privacy Act Notice for the Federal
Register will be prepared
...
Whether a system is automated
or manual, privacy protections should be integrated into the
development of the system
...
Federal regulations require that all records no longer needed for the
conduct of the regular business of the agency be disposed of, retired, or
preserved in a manner consistent with official Records Disposition
Schedules
...
Conduct Functional Review
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
The Functional and Data Requirements Review is conducted in
Requirements Analysis Phase by the technical review board
...
It also provides the
Project Manager with the opportunity to ensure a complete
understanding of the requirements and that the documented
requirements can support a detailed design of the proposed system
...
3
...
The project manager is responsible for leading the
team that accomplishes the tasks shown above
...
• Technical Review Board: Formally established board that examines
the functional requirements documented in the FRD for accuracy,
completeness, clarity, attainability, and traceability to the high-level
requirements identified in the Concept of Operations
...
• Contracting
Officer: The
contracting
officer
is
responsible
for
and
accountable for the procurement activities and signs contract awards
...
Additionally, oversight activities provide
information, judgments, and recommendations to the agency
decision makers during project reviews and in support of project
decision milestones
...
4 Deliverables
Functional Requirements Document
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Serves as the foundation for system design and development; captures
user requirements to be implemented in a new or enhanced system; the
systems subject matter experts document these requirements into the
requirements traceability matrix, which shows mapping of each detailed
functional requirement to its source
...
All requirements must include considerations for capacity and growth
...
The requirements document should include, but is not
limited to records and privacy act, electronic record management, record
disposition schedule, and components’ unique requirements
...
S
...
, Sec 794d (West Supp
...
Unit, integration,
and independence acceptance testing activities are performed during the
development phase
...
Independence acceptance testing is
performed independently from the developing team, and is coordinated
with the Quality Assurance (QA) office
...
They will ensure that the requirements
are defined in a manner that is verifiable
...
They will also verify
the proper implementation of the functional requirements
...
sections are
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Interface Control Document
The Interface Control Document (ICD) provides an outline for use in the
specification of requirements imposed on one or more systems,
subsystems configuration items, or other system components to achieve
one or more interfaces among these entities
...
of
Privacy Act Notice/Privacy Impact Assessment
For any system that has been determined to be an official System of
Records (in terms of the criteria established by the Privacy Act (PA)), a
special
System of
Records
Notice
shall
be published in
the
Register
...
While the Records Management
Representatives are responsible for determining if a system is a
System of Records, it is the Project Manager’s responsibility to prepare
PA
the actual Notice for publication in the Federal Register
...
in
The System of Records Notice shall be a required deliverable for the
Requirements Analysis Phase of system development
...
This is a written
evaluation of the impact that the implementation of the proposed system
would have on privacy
...
5 Issues for Consideration
In
the
Requirements Analysis Phase,
it
is important
involved
everyone with the project to discuss and document their requirements
...
The requirements
from the FRD may become part of a solicitation in the Acquisition Plan
...
6 Phase Review Activity
Upon completion of all Requirements Analysis Phase tasks, and receipt
of resources for the next phase, the Project Manager, together with the
project team, should prepare and present a project status review for the
decision maker and project stakeholders
...
4
...
In some system’s development lifecycle, this phase is
not identified but is considered as part of the general analysis phase
...
0 SUMMARY
• During the Requirements Analysis Phase, the system shall be defined
in more detail with regard to system inputs, processes, outputs, and
interfaces
...
• The project manager is responsible and accountable
successful execution of the Requirements Analysis Phase
...
for
the
a thorough
• The Functional and Data Requirements Review is conducted in the
Requirements Analysis Phase by the technical review board
...
• All
requirements
must
include
considerations
for
capacity
are
and
growth
...
to
of
MBA 815
• Upon
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
completion
of
all
Requirements
Analysis
Phase
tasks
and
receipt of resources for the next phase, the Project Manager, together
with the project team should prepare and
present a
review
status for the decision maker and project stakeholders
...
6
...
0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING S
Information Resources Management (2003)
...
Norton, P (1995)
...
Macmillan/McGraw-Hill
...
0 Introduction
2
...
0 Main Content
3
...
2 Tasks and Activities
3
...
4 Deliverables
3
...
6 Phase Review Activity
4
...
0 Summary
6
...
0 References/Further Readings
1
...
It also examines tasks and activities,
deliverables as they concern design of system
...
0 OBJECTIVES
This unit is designed for you to:
• understand
what
constitutes
design
phase
in
designing
and
developing information system
• identify the tasks you need to embark on during the design phase of
system’s development
• comfortably
answer
the
question
of
responsibilities
and
roles
executing the design phase of a system’s development project
• be able to know what are the deliverables from design to be used for
subsequent phases
• identify some issues that need to be considered in deign phase of a
system
...
0 MAIN CONTENT
in
and
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
3
...
The decisions made in this
phase, address, in detail, how the system will meet the defined
functional, physical, interface, and data requirements
...
System design is also the evaluation of alternative problem solution, and
the detailed specification of the final system
...
The
complete emphasis of system design is to develop a new system that
helps to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization
overcomes some of the shortcomings and limitations of the existing
and
system
...
On the other hand major changes may be suggested by system analysis
...
The purpose of the system’s design stage is also to architect and design
a technical solution that is able to meet all the requirements
customer,
of the as defined in the business requirements document
...
The TAD and SDS should be circulated within MIS first for review
...
The documents should then be presented to the project
stakeholder for sign off and the PPDR template used to record
distribution, lists and actions
...
3
...
The tasks
and activities actually performed depend on the nature of the project
...
How and where will the application reside? Describe the
architecture where this application will be developed and tested, and
who is responsible for this activity
...
The data storage and access for the database layer need to be designed
...
business rules layer or the application logic needs to be designed
...
The
architecture shall identify items of hardware, software, and manualoperations
...
Transform the requirements for the software item into an architecture
that describes its top-level structure and identifies the software
components
...
Develop and document a top-level design for the
interfaces external to the software item and between the software
components of the software item
...
Develop Operations Manual
Develop the Operations Manual for mainframe systems/applications,
and the System Administration Manual for client/server
systems/applications
...
This review determines whether the initial
design concept is consistent with the overall architecture and satisfies
the functional, security, and technical requirements in the Functional
Requirements Document
...
Be
sure to address the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements
to ensure equal access to all individuals
...
Conduct a Security Risk Assessment
Conduct a security risk assessment by addressing the following
components: assets, threats, vulnerabilities, likelihood, consequences
and safeguards
...
Conduct Critical Design Review
The
Project
Manager
and
System
is
Proponent
conduct
the
design
critical review and approve/disapprove the project into the Development
Phase
...
Revise Previous Documentation
Review documents from the previous phases, and assess the need to
revise them during the Design Phase
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Other tasks
systems are:
associated
with
design
and
development
of
information
1
...
Book a system analyst and, where necessary, a system designer to
write the SDS
3
...
Obtain sign off of TAD and SDS from project stakeholders
5
...
Obtain final resource estimates for build stage tasks from the system
analyst and provisionally book developer and technical architect
resource for the build stage
7
...
Update sign off log
...
3 Roles and Responsibilities
• Project
Manager: The
project
manager
is
responsible
and
accountable for the successful execution of the Design Phase
...
The Project Manager is also
responsible for reviewing deliverables, for accuracy, approving
deliverables and providing status reports to management
...
• Contracting
Officer: The
contracting
officer
is
responsible
for
and
accountable for procurement activities and signs contract awards
...
Additionally,
oversight activities provide information, judgments, and
recommendations to the agency decision makers during project
reviews, and in support of project decision milestones
...
4 Deliverables
The content of these deliverables may be expanded or abbreviated
depending on the size, scope, and complexity of the corresponding
system’s development effort
...
to
Conversion Plan
The Conversion Plan describes the strategies involved in converting data
from an existing system to another hardware or software environment
...
to
System Design Document
This describes the system requirements, operating environment, system
and subsystem architecture, files and database design, input formats,
output layouts, human-machine interface, detailed design, processing
logic, and external interfaces
...
Includes all information required for the review and
approval of the project development
...
In most cases there are both user and technical documentation
...
Poorly documented
systems have resulted in mistakes that can lead to great loss
...
The plan contains an
overview of the system, a brief description of the major tasks involved
in the implementation, the overall resources needed to
implementation effort (such as hardware, software, facilities, materials,
the
and personnel), and any site-specific implementation requirements
...
Maintenance Manual
support
version
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
The Maintenance Manual provides maintenance personnel with the
information necessary to maintain the system effectively
...
In addition to the items identified for
inclusion in the Maintenance Manual, additional information may be
provided to facilitate the maintenance and modification of the system
...
Operations Manual or Systems Administration Manual
For mainframe systems, the Operations Manual provides computer
control personnel and computer operators with a detailed operational
description of the information system and its associated environments,
such as machine room operations and procedures
...
Training Plan
The Training Plan outlines the objectives, needs, strategy, and
curriculum to be addressed when training users on the new or enhanced
information system
...
Training activities are developed
to teach user personnel the use of the system as specified in the training
criteria
...
It includes, in the training
strategy, how the topics will be addressed, and the format of the training
program, the list of topics to be covered, materials, time, space
requirements, and proposed schedules
...
This manual includes a description of
the system functions and capabilities, contingencies and alternate modes
of operation, and step-by-step procedures for system access and use
...
5 Issues for Consideration
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Project Decision Issues
The decisions of this phase re-examine in greater detail many of the
parameters addressed in previous phases
...
The
overall objective is to establish a complete design for the system
...
A number of project approach,
project execution, and project continuation decisions are made in this
phase
...
used,
or
• Using appropriate prototyping to refine requirements and enhance
user and developer understanding and interpretation of requirements
...
• Determining how user support will be provided, how the remaining
life cycle phases will be integrated, and newly identified risks and
issues handled
...
• Modifications that will be made to current procedures
...
• How conversion of existing data will occur
...
• The continued development activities based on the needs addressed
by the design
...
The system user community shall be included in the Design
actions
Phase as needed
...
If so, these requirements shall be added to
the FRD
...
For example, if a requirement exists to
audit a specific set of user actions, the developer may have to add a
work flow module into the design to accomplish the auditing
...
They
should address all applicable computer and telecommunications security
requirements, including: system access controls; marking, handling, and
disposing of magnetic media and hard copies; computer room access;
account creation, access, protection, and capabilities; operational
procedures; audit trail requirements; configuration management;
processing area security; employee check-out; and emergency
procedures
...
This activity should be conducted during the
Design Phase
...
6 Phase Review Activity
Upon completion of all Design Phase tasks and receipt of resources for
the next phase, the Project Manager, together with the project team
should prepare and present a project status review for the decision
maker and project stakeholders
...
4
...
5
...
• The purpose
of the system’s design stage
the
is also to architect and
design a technical solution that is able to meet all the requirements of
the customer, as defined in the business requirements document
...
• The
purpose
of
the
approve/disapprove
risk
assessment
is
the
project
into
the
to analyze threats to, and
vulnerabilities of a system to determine the risks
losses), and using the analysis as a basis for identifying appropriate
for
and cost-effective measures
...
• The decisions of
the project decision issues re-examine in greater
detail many of the parameters addressed in previous phases
...
the
In the next study unit, you will be exposed to Development, Integration
and Testing of Information system
...
0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
Discuss 5 tasks and activities associated with design phase of a system
development
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
7
...
The Department of Justice
Systems Development Lifecycle Guidance Document
...
Introduction to Computers
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENT, INTEGRATION AND
TESTING OF INFORMATION SYSTEM
CONTENTS
1
...
0 Objectives
3
...
1 Development and Integration and Testing Phases
3
...
1 Development
3
...
2 Integration and Testing
3
...
2
...
3 Roles and Responsibilities
3
...
1 Development
3
...
2 Integration and Testing
3
...
4
...
4
...
5 Issues for Consideration
3
...
1 Development
3
...
2 Integration and Testing
3
...
6
...
6
...
0 Conclusion
5
...
0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7
...
0 INTRODUCTION
This unit dwells mainly on tasks, activities, roles and responsibilities of
both Development and Integration and testing phases
...
0 OBJECTIVES
This unit is designed for you to:
• understand what constitutes system’s development, integration and
testing phase in designing and developing information system
• identify the tasks you need to embark on during the development,
integration and testing phase of systems development
• comfortably answer the question of responsibilities and roles in
executing the development, integration and testing phase of a
systems development project
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• be able to know what are the deliverables
integration and testing to be used for subsequent phases
from
• identify
in
some
issues
that
need
to be
considered
development,
development,
integration and testing phase of a system
...
0 MAIN CONTENT
3
...
1
...
Although much of the activity in the Development Phase addresses the
computer programs that make up the system, this phase also puts in
place the hardware, software, and communications environment for the
system and other important elements of the overall system
...
The development phase contains
activities for building the system, testing the system, and conducting
functional qualification testing, to ensure the system functional
processes satisfy the functional process requirements in the Functional
Requirements Document (FRD)
...
3
...
2 Integration and Testing
The objective of this phase is to prove that the developed system
satisfies the requirements defined
...
First, subsystem integration tests shall be
executed and evaluated by the development team to prove that the
program components integrate properly into the subsystems and that the
subsystems integrate properly into an application
...
Next, the testing team and the Security Program Manager conduct
security tests to validate that the access and data security requirements
are met
...
Acceptance
testing shall be done in a simulated “real” user environment with the
users using simulated or real target platforms and infrastructures
...
2 Tasks and Activities
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
3
...
1 Development
Code and Test Software
Code each module according to established standards
...
Integrate
software units and software components and test in accordance with the
integration plan
...
the
Conduct Software Qualification Testing
...
Ensure that the implementation of
each software requirement is tested for compliance
...
The results of the
audits shall be
documented
...
be
Upon successful completion of the audits, if conducted, update
prepare the deliverable software product for System Integration, System
and
Qualification Testing, Software Installation, or Software Acceptance
Support as applicable
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
3
...
2 Integrate System
Integrate the software configuration items with hardware configuration
items, manual operations, and other systems as necessary, into the
system
...
The integration and the test results shall be
documented
...
Ensure that the integrated system is ready for System
Qualification Testing
...
Ensure that the
implementation of each system requirement is tested for compliance and
that the system is ready for delivery
...
Install Software
Install the software product in the target environment as designed, and in
accordance with the Installation Plan
...
The developer shall assist the acquirer with the set-up
activities
...
Ensure that the software code and databases initialize,
execute, and terminate as specified in the contract
...
Document Software Acceptance Support
Acceptance review and testing shall consider the results of the Joint
Reviews, Audits, Software Qualification Testing, and System
Qualification Testing (if performed)
...
The developer shall complete and deliver the software product
specified
...
Revise Previous Documentation
as
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Review and update previous phase documentation, as needed
...
The following tasks should be completed during the Integration
and Test phase
...
Conduct Integration Tests
The test and evaluation team is responsible for creating/loading the test
database(s) and executing the integration test(s)
...
the
Conduct Subsystem/System Testing
The test and evaluation team is responsible for creating/loading the test
database(s) and executing the system test(s)
...
Any failed components
should be migrated back to the development phase for rework, and the
passed components should be migrated ahead for security testing
...
All tests will be
test
documented, similar to those above
...
the
Conduct Acceptance Testing
The test and evaluation team will create/load the test database(s) and
execute the acceptance test(s)
...
Failed components will be migrated back to the
development phase for rework, and passed components will migrate
ahead for implementation
...
He/They will also finalize the Operations or Systems
Administration Manual, User Manual, Training Plan, Maintenance
Manual, Conversion Plan, Implementation Plan, Contingency Plan, and
Update the Interface Control Document from the Design Phase
...
The
Configuration Manager should finalize the Configuration Management
Plan from the Planning Phase
...
And finally, the Project Manager should finalize the Cost Benefit
Analysis and the Risk Management Plan from the System Concept
Development Phase
...
3 Roles and Responsibilities
3
...
1 Development
• Project
Manager: The
project
Manager
is
responsible
and
accountable for the successful execution of the Development Phase
...
The Project Manager is also
responsible for reviewing deliverables for accuracy, approving
deliverables and providing status reports to management
...
• Contracting
Officer: The
accountable
awards
...
Additionally, oversight activities provide information, judgments,
and recommendations to the agency decision makers during project
reviews, and in support of project decision milestones
...
3
...
2 Integration and Test
MBA 815
• Project
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Manager: The
project
manager
is
responsible
and
accountable for the successful execution of the Integration and Test
Phase
...
The Project Manager is also
responsible for reviewing deliverables for accuracy, approving
deliverables and providing status reports to management
...
This includes establishing the test environment
...
• Security
Program
Manager: The
Security
responsible for conducting security
Security Plan
...
and recommendations to the agency decision makers during project
reviews and in support of project decision milestones
...
3
...
4
...
The following deliverables shall be
corresponding
initiated during the Development Phase:
Contingency Plan
The Contingency Plan contains emergency response procedures; backup
arrangements, procedures, and responsibilities; and post-disaster
recovery procedures and responsibilities
...
It is an emergency response plan, developed in
conjunction with application owners, and maintained at the primary and
backup computer installation, to ensure that a reasonable continuity of
support is provided if events occur that could prevent normal operations
...
A
Contingency Plan is synonymous with a disaster plan and an emergency
plan
...
Software Development Document
Contains documentation pertaining to the development of each unit or
module, including the test cases, software, test results, approvals, and
any other items that will help explain the functionality of the software
...
It is used for the
Integration Phase and finalized before implementation of the system
...
Test Files/Data
All the information used for system testing should be provided at the
end of this phase
...
Integration Document
The Integration Document explains how the software components,
hardware components, or both are combined, and the interaction
between them
...
4
...
Test
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Test Analysis Approval Determination
Attached to the test analysis report as a final result of the test reviews
and testing levels above the integration test; briefly summarizes the
perceived readiness for migration of the software
...
IT Systems Security Certification and Accreditation
The documents needed to obtain certification and accreditation of an
information system before it becomes operational
...
The Systems Security Plan and
certification/accreditation package should be approved prior to
implementation, and every three years thereafter
...
5 Issues for Consideration
3
...
1 Development
There
are
three
beginning this phase:
before
phase
• Project
plan
management
prerequisites
and
schedule
that
indicating
should
be
target
date
completed
for
completion of each module, and target date for completion of system
testing
...
• Unit/module and integration test plans, containing testing
requirements, schedules, and test case specifications for unit
integration testing
...
5
...
Security Test and Evaluation (ST&E) involves determining a
system’s security mechanisms adequacy for completeness and
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
correctness, and the degree of consistency between system
documentation and actual implementation
...
Results of the ST&E affect security activities developed earlier in the
life cycle such as security risk assessment, sensitive system security
plan, and contingency plan
...
Build on the security
testing recorded in the software development documents, unit testing,
integration testing, and system testing
...
6 Phase Review Activity
3
...
1 Development
Upon completion of all Development Phase tasks and receipt of
resources for the next phase, the Project Manager, together with the
project team, should prepare and present a project status review for the
decision maker and project stakeholders
...
of
3
...
2 Integration and Testing
Upon completion of all Integration and Test Phase tasks and receipt of
resources for the next phase, the Project Manager, together with the
project team, should prepare and present a project status review for the
decision maker and project stakeholders
...
4
...
It is
important phase of system’s development
...
5
...
• The objective of the integration and testing phase is to prove that the
developed system satisfies the requirements defined
...
• Conduct qualification testing in accordance with the qualification
requirements for the software item
...
• The
project
Manager
is
responsible
and
accountable
for
the
successful execution of the Development Phase
...
• The Contingency Plan contains emergency response procedures;
backup arrangements, procedures, and responsibilities; and postdisaster recovery procedures and responsibilities
...
• Upon
completion
of
be tested before system implementation to
and implementation flaws that would violate
all
Development, Integration
and
Test Phase
tasks and receipt of resources for the next phase, the Project Manger,
together with the project team, should prepare and present a project
status review for the decision maker and project stakeholders
...
6
...
7
...
The Department of Justice
Systems Development Lifecycle Guidance Document
...
Introduction to Computers
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
UNIT 4 IMPLEMENTATION
SYSTEM
AND
DISPOSITION
OF
CONTENTS
1
...
0 Objectives
3
...
1 Implementation and Disposition Phases
3
...
1 Implementation
3
...
2 Disposition
3
...
2
...
2
...
3 Roles and Responsibilities
3
...
1 Implementation
3
...
2 Disposition
3
...
4
...
4
...
5 Issues for Consideration
3
...
1 Implementation
3
...
2 Disposition
3
...
6
...
6
...
0 Conclusion
5
...
0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7
...
0 INTRODUCTION
From the previous study unit, you have leant about the Development and
Integration and testing phase
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
2
...
3
...
1 Implementation and Disposition Phases
3
...
1 Implementation
Implementation phase of the system development in system’s design
and development is the most expensive and time consuming of the entire
life cycle
...
It is time consuming because of all the works
that has to be completed; implementing a developed and new
information system into an organizational context is not a mechanical
process
...
The work habits, belief,
interrelationships, and personal goals of an organization’s members, all
affect the implementation process
...
During implementation, you must be attuned to
key aspects of the organizational context such as history, politics, and
environmental demands - aspects that can contribute to implementation
failure if ignored
...
The phase is initiated after the
system has been tested and accepted by the user and Project Manager
...
This phase continues until
the system is operating in production in accordance with the defined
user requirements
...
existing Regardless of the type of system, all aspects of the
implementation phase should be followed
...
3
...
2 Disposition
The Disposition Phase will be implemented to eliminate a large part of a
system or as in most cases, close down a system and end the life cycle
process
...
The emphasis of this phase
and/or
will be to ensure that data, procedures, and documentation are packaged
and archived in an orderly fashion, making it possible to reinstall and
bring the system back to an operational status, if necessary, and to retain
all data records in accordance with policies regarding retention
electronic records
...
A Disposition Plan shall be prepared to address all
the
facets of archiving, transferring, and disposing of the system and data
...
The system
disposition activities preserve information not only about the current
production system but also about the evolution of the system through its
life cycle
...
2 Tasks and Activities
3
...
1 Implementation
Tasks and activities in the implementation phase are associated with
certain deliverables described in section 3
...
of Unit 8
...
description of these tasks and activities is provided below
...
Additionally, it is good policy to make
internal organizations not directly affected by the implementation aware
of the schedule, so that allowances can be made for a disruption in the
normal activities of that section
...
The
notice should include:
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• the schedule of the implementation;
• a brief synopsis of the benefits of the new system;
• the difference between the old and new system;
• responsibilities of end user affected by the implementation during
this phase; and
• the process to obtain system support, including contact names and
phone numbers
...
Because there has been a previously designed
training plan established, complete with the system user manual, the
execution of the plan should be relatively simple
...
Good
budgeting should prevent this from happening
...
This data can be in a manual or an
automated form
...
When replacing a
manual system, hard copy data will need to be entered into the
automated system
...
This is
also the case in data transfer, where data fields in the old system may
have been entered inconsistently and therefore affect the integrity of the
new database
...
One of the ways verification of both system operation and data integrity
can be accomplished is through parallel operations
...
In this way, if the new
system fails in any way, the operation can proceed on the old system
while the bugs are worked out
...
Conduct Post-Implementation Review
system
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
After the system has been fielded, a post-implementation review
conducted to determine the success of the project through it’s
is
implementation
phase
...
In addition, change implementation notices will be utilized to document
user
requests
for
fixes
to
problems
that
may
have
during this
recognized phase
...
been
for a
Revise Previous Documentation
During this phase, the ICD is revised from the Requirements Analysis
Phase
...
3
...
2 Disposition
The objectives for all tasks identified in this phase are to retire
system, software, hardware, and data
...
The disposition
activities are performed at the end of the systems life cycle
...
Particular emphasis shall be
given to proper preservation of the data processed by the system, so that
the data are effectively migrated to another system, or disposed of in
accordance with applicable records management and program area
regulations and policies for potential future access
...
Prepare Disposition Plan
The Disposition Plan must be developed and implemented
...
Archive or Transfer Data
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
The data from the old system will have to be transferred into the new
system or if it is obsolete, archived
...
software
Archive Life Cycle Deliverables
A lot of documentation went into developing the application or system
...
End the System in an Orderly Manner
Follow the Disposition Plan for the orderly breakdown of the system, its
components, and the data within
...
If it
is obsolete, notify the property management office, to excess
hardware components
...
3
...
3
...
The project manager is responsible for leading the team that
accomplishes the tasks shown above
...
• Project
Team: The
project
team
members
(regardless
of
organization of permanent assignment) are responsible
accomplishing assigned tasks as directed by the project manager
...
• Oversight
Activities: Agency
oversight
activities,
including
the
IRM office, provide advice and counsel for the project manager on
the conduct and requirements of the Implementation Phase
...
3
...
2 Disposition
• Project
Manager: The
accountable
activities
...
The
Data
Administrator
identify
the
data
and
assist
technical
personnel
with
the
would
archive process
...
They would also be involved with identifying and migrating data to a
new or replacement system
...
Any users
that only use the application should be removed from the system
while others that use other applications as well as this one may still
need access to the overall system, but not the application being shutdown
...
3
...
4
...
Change Implementation Notice
A formal request and approval document for changes made during the
Implementation Phase
...
It
summary of the features and contents for the software build and identify
and describe the version of the software being delivered
is
a
Post-Implementation Review
The review is conducted at the end of the Implementation Phase
...
Normally, this shall be a one-time review, and it
occurs after a major implementation; it may also occur after a major
enhancement to the system
...
The System Proponent may decide it will be necessary to return the
deficient system to the responsible system development Project Manager
for correction of deficiencies
...
4
...
This will
include removing the active support by the operations and maintenance
organizations
...
All concerned groups will need to be kept informed of the progress and
target dates
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
This plan will include a statement of why the application is no longer
supported, a description of replacement / upgrade, list of tasks/activities
(transition plan) with estimated dates of completion, and the notification
strategy
...
Post-Termination Review Report
A report at the end of the process that
Disposition Phase review
...
all
details the findings
of where to find
Archived System
The packaged set of data
application
...
5 Issues for Consideration
3
...
1 Implementation
Once a system has been developed, tested and deployed, it will enter the
operations and maintenance phase
...
and
3
...
2 Disposition
Update of Security plans for archiving
reestablish the system, should be in place
...
3
...
6
...
For contractor development, analysis shall be performed to
determine if additional activity is within the scope of the statement of
work, or within the original contract
...
The Implementation Phase-End Review shall be organized, planned, and
led by the Project Quality Assurance representative
...
6
...
This phase-end review shall be conducted within 6 months
after disposition of the system
...
4
...
The right
team should be put together to ensure safe and accurate implementation
of systems
...
It is particularly
important for system’s re-evaluation a redesign
...
5
...
Implementation is expensive because so many
people are involved in the process
...
• The
implementation
notice
should
be
sent
to
all
users
and
organizations affected by the implementation
...
and
data
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• With the implementation of any system, typically there is old data
which is to be included in the new system
...
• The Disposition Plan must be developed and implemented
...
is
• The objectives of the disposition plan are to end the operation of the
system in a planned, orderly manner, and to ensure
components and data are properly archived or incorporated into other
system
systems
...
• The Post-Termination Review shall be
performed after the end of
this final phase
...
6
...
7
...
The Department of Justice
Systems Development Lifecycle Guidance Document
...
H
...
G
...
V
...
Pearson Prentice Hall
...
Introduction to Computers
...
UNIT 5 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE OF
SYSTEM DESIGN
CONTENTS
that
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
1
...
0 Objectives
3
...
1 Maintenance Phase
3
...
1 Types of Maintenance
3
...
3 Roles and Responsibilities
3
...
5 Issues for Consideration
3
...
7 Maintenance Cost
4
...
0 Summary
6
...
0 References/Further Readings
1
...
It also dwells on related issues on tasks and activities, roles
responsibilities, deliverables phase review activity and finally,
maintenance cost
...
0 OBJECTIVES
This unit is designed for you to:
• be able to identify the different types of maintenance
• understand
what
constitutes operations
and
maintenance
phase
in
designing and developing information system
• identify the tasks you need to embark on during the operations and
maintenance phase of systems development
• comfortably answer the question of responsibilities and roles in
executing the operations and maintenance phase of a systems
development project
• be able to know what are the deliverables from operations and
maintenance to be used for subsequent phases
• identify some issues that need to be
maintenance phase of a system
considered in
• explain
of
the
relationship
between
cost
maintenance
compared to other phases of systems development
...
0 MAIN CONTENT
operations and
phase
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
3
...
In this phase, it is essential that all facets of
operations and maintenance be performed
...
Problems are detected, and new needs arise
...
Providing user support is an ongoing
activity
...
The emphasis of this phase will be to ensure that the user’s
needs are met and the system continues to perform as specified in the
operational environment
...
Changes will be required to fix problems, possibly add features and
make improvements to the system
...
When a system is in maintenance phase, some persons within
system’s development group are responsible for collecting maintenance
the
request from systems users and other interested parties such as systems
auditors, data center, network management staff and data analysts
...
To better understand it, it will alter
the system and what business benefits and necessities will result from
such a change
...
As with the initial development of the
system implemented, changes are formally reviewed and tested before
installation into operational systems
3
...
1 Types of Maintenance
There are several types of maintenance you can perform
information system
...
1
...
For
example, if you have just purchased a new home, corrective
maintenance would involve repairs to things that had never worked
as designed, such as, faulty electrical outlet, or a misaligned door
...
When corrective maintenance problems surface, they are typically
urgent, and need to be resolved to curtail possible interruption
normal business activities
...
This is unfortunate because
corrective maintenance adds little or no value to the organisation, it
simply focuses on removing defects from an existing system without
adding new functionality
...
Adaptive Maintenance: This involves making changes to evolve its
functionality, to changing business needs, or to migrate to a different
operating environment
...
Adaptive maintenance is usually less urgent than
corrective maintenance because of business and technology
...
Contrary to corrective
maintenance, adaptive maintenance is generally a small part of an
organization’s maintenance effort, but it adds value to the
organization
...
Perfective
Maintenance:
this
involves
making
enhancement
to
improve processing performance or interface usability or to add
desired, but not necessarily required system’s features
...
Many systems professionals feel that Perfective correction is not
really maintenance, but rather new development
...
Preventive Maintenance: This involves changes made to a system
to reduce the chances of future system’s failure
...
In our home
example, preventive maintenance could be painting of the exterior to
better protect the room from severe weather conditions
...
Over the life of a system, corrective maintenance is most likely to occur
after initial system installation or after major changes
...
3
...
In small systems, all or part of each task may be done by the
same person
...
The Operations Manual is
by
developed in previous SDLC phases
...
Systems operations activities and tasks need to be scheduled, on a
recurring
basis,
to
ensure
that
the
production
environment
is
functional, and is performing as specified
...
These processes should comply with the
system documentation;
• Acquisition and storage of supplies (i
...
paper, toner, tapes,
removable disk);
• Perform backups (day-to-day protection, contingency);
• Perform the physical security functions including ensuring adequate
UPS, Personnel have proper security clearances and proper access
privileges etc
...
Examples of performance measures include volume and frequency of
data to be processed in each mode, order and type of operations;
• Monitor the performance statistics, report the results and escalate
problems when they occur
...
This includes ensuring that any regularly
for
scheduled jobs are submitted and completed correctly
...
The backup and recovery processes for data bases are normally
different than the day-to-day DASD volume backups
...
A checklist of
Software Administration tasks and activities are:
Data
• Performing a periodic Verification/Validation of data, correct data
related problems;
• Performing production control and
submission, checking and corrections);
• Interfacing with
corrections;
other
functional
quality
areas for
control
functions
(Job
Day-to-day checking /
• Installing, configuring, upgrading and maintaining data base(s)
...
Ensure
performance
and
recovery
documented
tuning
plan
for
• Performing configuration/design audits to ensure software, system,
parameter configuration are correct
...
Users need
an avenue to suggest change and identified problems
...
Systems administrators and operators need to be able to make
recommendations for upgrade of hardware, architecture and
streamlining processes
...
For large integrated
systems, modification requests may be addressed in the Requirements
document, and may take the form of a change package, or a formal
Change Implementation Notice and may require justification and cost
benefits analysis for approval by a review board
...
A request for modifications to
/
MBA 815
a
system may
initiation
project plan
...
Daily maintenance activities for the system, takes place to ensure
that any previously undetected errors are fixed
...
Also modifications
are
may be needed to provide new capabilities or to take advantage
hardware upgrades or new releases of system software and application
of
software used to operate the system
...
New capabilities needs may begin a new problem modification process
described above
...
An update must be made to the System Security plan;
an
update
and
test
of
the
contingency
plan
should
be
Continuous vigilance should be given to virus and intruder detection
...
The Project Manager must be sure that security operating procedures are
kept updated accordingly
...
In particular, the Operations Manual, SBD and
Contingency Plan, need to be updated and finalized during the
Operations and Maintenance Phase
...
3 Roles and Responsibilities
This list briefly outlines some of the roles and responsibilities for key
maintenance
personnel
...
Each system
will dictate the necessity for the roles listed below:
or
• Systems Manager: The Systems Manager develops documents and
executes plans and procedures for conducting activities and tasks of
the
Maintenance
Process
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• Technical Support: Personnel which proved technical support to the
program
...
Setup of workstations or terminals to access the system
...
Technical support personnel may be involved with issuing user ids or
login names and passwords
...
• Operations
or
Operators
(Turn On/Off
Systems,
Start Tasks,
Backup etc): For many mainframe systems, technical support for a
program is provided by an operator
...
Operators may be involved with issuing user ids or login names and
passwords for the system
...
Some users live with a situation or problem because they feel they
must
...
Some feel the need to create work-around
...
the
• Program Analysts or Programmer: Interprets user requirements,
designs and writes the code for specialized programs
...
Analysts programs for errors, debugs the program
and tests program design
...
This group may be chartered
...
The board may issue a Change
Directive
...
They
usually meet to exchange information, share programs and can
provide expert knowledge for a system under consideration for
change
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• Data Administrator: Performs tasks which ensure that accurate and
valid data are entered into the system
...
The data administrator may
be called upon to create queries and reports for a variety of user
requests
...
The data dictionary
provides a description of each field in the database, the
characteristics, and what data is maintained with the field
...
If the system requires it, he
communications and connectivity are available
...
3
...
The performance measures
should be reviewed along with the health of the system
...
Ad-hoc
reviews
should
be
called
when
deemed
necessary
by
either
Document the results of this review in the IPR Report
...
User Satisfaction Review Report
User Satisfaction Reviews can be used as a tool to determine the current
user satisfaction with the performance capabilities of an
application or initiate a proposal for a new system
...
3
...
For smooth day -to -day operations of
any system, as well as disaster recovery, each individual’s role, duties
and responsibilities should be outlined in detail
...
Operations
manuals, journals or logs should be readily accessible by maintenance
personnel
...
3
...
Each time
the system is reviewed, one of three of the following decisions will be
made:
• The system is operating as intended and meeting performance
expectations
...
• The users are/are not satisfied with the operation and performance of
the system
...
This review is diagnostic in nature and can trigger a project to re-enter a
previous SDLC phase
...
from
will
follow
the
SDLC
process
3
...
For
some organizations as much as 60% to 80% of their information system
budget is allocated to maintenance activities (Kaplan, 2002)
...
More maintenance
means more maintenance work for programmers
...
Only
3%
is
assigned
to
new
application
development
...
In many cases annual
has
maintenance fee can be as high as 20% of the up-front cost (Worthen,
2003)
...
maintenance
4
...
In fact it
any
is considered as the longest of all the systems development phases
...
The Centre of Software
maintenance estimates that 50% and 90% of cost of computer systems
over its lifetime is maintenance
...
0 SUMMARY
• More than half of the life cycle costs are attributed to the operations
and maintenance of systems
...
• When a system is in maintenance phase, some persons within the
systems development group is responsible for collecting
maintenance request from systems users and other interested parties
such as systems auditors, data center, network management staff, and
data analysts
...
problems surface, they are
resolved
to
curtail
typically
possible
interruption in
• One fact of life with any system is that change is inevitable
...
• Daily operations of the system /software may necessitate that
maintenance personnel identify potential modifications needed to
ensure that the system continues to operate as intended and produces
quality data
...
In small systems, all or part of each task may be done by
the same person
...
To provide for an avenue of problem reporting and
customer satisfaction
...
• Information system maintenance
costs are
significant
for the
for
system
is
expenditure
...
The next study unit is on DSDM
...
0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1
...
2
...
each
the
of
the
operations
7
...
The Department of Justice
Systems Development Lifecycle Guidance Document
...
H
...
G
...
V
...
Pearson Prentice Hall
...
Introduction to Computers
...
MODULE 3
Unit 1 Dynamic Systems Development Method
Unit 2 Project Management
Unit 3 Project Planning
Unit 4 Risk Assessments and Management
Unit 5 Design and Planning for GIS
UNIT 1 DYNAMIC SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
METHOD
CONTENTS
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
1
...
0 Objectives
3
...
1 Dynamic System Development Methods
3
...
1 Principles of DSDM
3
...
3 The Phases of DSDM
3
...
1 Phase 1: The Project life-cycle
3
...
2 Phase 2: The Project life-cycle
3
...
2
...
3
...
2 Stage 2: The Business Study
3
...
2
...
3
...
4 Stage 4: Design and Build Iteration
3
...
2
...
3
...
4 Core Techniques of DSDM
3
...
6 Critical Success Factors of DSDM
3
...
0 Conclusion
5
...
0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7
...
0 INTRODUCTION
This unit introduces you to the principles, techniques, roles and phases
of DSDM
...
2
...
3
...
1 Dynamic System Development Methods (DSDM)
Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) is a framework
based originally around Rapid Application Development (RAD),
supported by its continuous user involvement in an iterative
development and incremental approach which is responsive to changing
requirements, in order to develop a system that meets the business needs
on time
and on budget
...
methods for
DSDM was developed in the United Kingdom in the 1990s by
consortium of vendors and experts in the field of Information System
a
(IS) development
...
The DSDM Consortium is a non-profit and vendor
independent organisation which owns and administers the framework
...
The current version in use at this point in time (April
in
2006) is Version 4
...
As an extension of rapid application development, DSDM focuses on
Information Systems, projects that are characterized by tight schedules
and
budgets
...
DSDM consists of 3 phases: pre-project phase, project life-cycle phase,
and post project phase
...
DSDM recognizes that projects are limited by time and resources, and
plans accordingly to meet the business needs
...
DSDM applies some principles, roles, and
techniques
...
Another
agile method that has some similarity in process and concept to DSDM
is Scrum
3
...
1 Principles of DSDM
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
There are nine underlying principles of DSDM consisting of four
foundations and five starting-points for the structure of the method
...
• User Involvement
is the
Main
Key in
running an
efficient
and
effective project, where both users and developers share a workplace,
so that the decisions can be made accurately
...
• DSDM focuses on frequent delivery of products, with assumption
that to deliver something "good enough" earlier is always better than
to deliver everything "perfectly" in the end
...
• The
main
criteria
for
acceptance
of
deliverable
in
DSDM
is
be
on
delivering a system that addresses the current business needs
...
• Development
is
Iterative
And
Incremental,
driven
by
users’
feedback to converge on an effective business solution
...
• The high
level
scope
and
requirements
should
be
base-lined
before the project starts
...
• Communication and cooperation among all project stakeholders
is required to be efficient and effective
...
• No
system
is
supported
built
by
perfectly
some
in
the
other
first
principles
try (the
(or
so
called
pareto
principle-80/20 rule)
...
Implementing the entire requirements often causes the project to go
over deadlines and budgets, therefore it is most times unnecessary to
construct the perfect solution
...
• DSDM
only
requires
each
step
of
the
development
to
be
completed far enough for the next step to begin
...
And with every iteration
system is improved incrementally
...
• Both Project
Management
and
Development
techniques
are
incorporated in DSDM
...
• Risk
assessment should focus
on
business
function being
delivered, not on the construction process nor on
process artifacts (such as requirements and design documents)
...
• Estimation should be based on business functionality instead of
lines of code
...
2 Prerequisites for Using DSD
In order for DSDM to be a success, a number of prerequisites need to be
realized
...
This addresses well known
failures
of
IS
development
projects due to
lack
of
motivation and/or user involvement
...
The possibility of decomposition into
smaller parts enables the iterative approach, and activities that are hard
to prioritize often cause delays--exactly the effect that DSDM
developed to avoid
...
The extensive testing and validation
found in these kinds of projects conflict with DSDM goals of being on
time and on budget
...
are
too
high and conflict with
the
80%/20%
3
...
The project phase
of DSDM is the most elaborate of the three phases
...
The three phases and corresponding
stages are explained extensively in the subsequent sections
...
3
...
1 Phase 1
The Pre-Project
In the pre-project phase candidate projects are identified, project funding
is realized and project commitment is ensured
...
3
...
2 Phase 2
The Project Life-Cycle
The process overview in the figure above shows the project life-cycle of
this phase of DSDM
...
The first two stages, the Feasibility Study and
Business Study are sequential phases that complement to each other
...
The iterative and
incremental nature of DSDM will be addressed further in a later section
...
3
...
1
Stage 1
The Feasibility Study
During this stage of the project, the feasibility of the project for the use
of DSDM is examined
...
The most important
techniques used in this phase are the Workshops
...
It is extended with a global
Outline Plan for the rest of the project and a Risk Log that identifies the
most important risks for the project
...
3
...
2
Stage 2
The Business Study
The business study extends the feasibility study
...
Again the workshops is one of the most valuable
techniques, workshops in which the different stakeholders come
together to discuss the proposed system
...
An important property of
the requirements list is the fact that the requirements are (can
prioritized
...
Based on this prioritization, a development plan is constructed
as a guideline for the rest of the project
...
This technique is
essential in realizing the goals of DSDM, namely being on time and on
budget, guaranteeing the desired quality
...
The deliverables for this stage are a business area definition
describes the context of the project within the company, a
that
architecture definition that provides an initial global architecture of the
system
IS under development, together with a development plan that outlines
the most important steps in the development process
...
This
list states all the requirements for the system, organized according to the
MoSCoW principle
...
3
...
2
...
This model consists of both a
functioning prototype and models
...
The developed prototype is reviewed by different
user groups
...
An important part of testing is
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
realized in the Functional Model Iteration
...
be
• Agree Schedule:
functionalities
...
Investigate,
refine, and consolidate it with the combined Functional prototype of
previous iterations
...
This can be done via testing by end-user, then use the test records
and user’s feedbacks to generate the functional prototyping review
document
...
Next to this, the
Requirements List is updated, deleting the items that have been realized
and rethinking the prioritization of the remaining requirements
...
3
...
2
...
It also addresses the non-functional requirements that have been
set for the IS
...
The Design and Build Iteration can be subdivided into four substages:
• Identify Design Prototype: Identify functional and non-functional
requirements that need to be in the tested system
...
on
how
and
when
to
realize
these
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• Create Design Prototype: Create a system that can safely be handed
to end-users for daily use
...
• Review Design Prototype: Check the
correctness of the designed
system
...
The deliverables for this stage are a Design Prototype during the phase
that end users get to test and at the end of the Design and Build Iteration
the Tested System is handed over to the next phase
...
Another deliverable for this stage is a User
Documentation
...
3
...
5 Stage 5
Implementation
In the Implementation stage, the tested system including user
documentation is delivered to the users and training of future users is
realized
...
The Implementation stage can be subdivided into four sub-stages:
• User Approval and Guidelines: End users approve the tested system
for implementation and guidelines with respect to the
implementation and use of the system are created
...
• Implement: Implement the tested system at the location of the end
users
...
Depending on
project goes to the next phase, the post-project, or loops back to one
the
of the preceding phases for further development
...
this
Project
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MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
3
...
Phase 3
Post-project
The post-project phase ensures the system operating effectively and
efficiently
...
The maintenance can be viewed as
continuing development, based on the iterative and incremental nature
of DSDM
...
3
...
It is used to
support the main goals of DSDM to realize the development of an IS on
time, within budget, and with the desired quality
...
For each portion a number of requirements are
selected that are prioritized according to the MoSCoW principle
...
So if a project is running out of time or money,
requirements with the lowest priority are omitted
...
MoSCoW
MoSCoW represents a way of prioritizing items
...
It is
an acronym that stands for:
10
...
11
...
all possible, but the project
12
...
the fitness of
of
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13
...
Prototyping
This technique refers to the creation of prototypes of the system under
development at an early stage of the project
...
This way, good user involvement is realized, one of
the key success factors of DSDM, or any System Development project
for that matter
...
In order to realize a solution of good quality, DSDM
advocates testing throughout each iteration
...
Workshop
One of DSDM’s project techniques that aims at bringing the different
stakeholders of the project together to discuss requirements,
functionalities and mutual understanding
...
Modelling
This technique is essential and purposely used to visualise the
diagrammatic representation of a specific aspect of the system
business area that is being developed
...
Configuration Management
A good implementation of this configuration management technique is
important for the dynamic nature of DSDM
...
3
...
It is
important that the project members need to be appointed to different
roles before they start to run the project
...
These roles are:
own
• Executive
Sponsor: So
called
the
“Project
Champion”
...
This role
has an ultimate power to make decisions
...
Visionary has the most accurate perception of the business objectives
of the system and the project
...
• Ambassador User: Brings the knowledge of user community into
the project, ensures that the developers receive enough amount of
user’s feedbacks during the development process
...
• Project Manager: Can be anyone from user community or IT staff
who manages the project in general
...
• Team
Leader: Leads his
team and
ensures
that the
team works
effectively as a whole
...
• Tester: Checks the correctness in a technical extent by performing
some testing
...
Tester
• Scribe: Responsible
to
will
gather
have
and
to
give
record
the
some
comments
requirements,
agreements, and decisions made in every workshop
...
• Specialist
Roles: Business
Integrator, etc
...
6 Critical Success Factors of DSDM
Within DSDM a number of factors are
importance to ensure successful projects:
great
• Factor 1:
First
there
is
the
acceptance
of
identified
DSDM
by
as being
of
senior
management and other employees
...
• Factor 2: The second factor follows directly from this and that is the
commitment of management to ensure end-user involvement
...
• Factor
3: Then
there
is
the
project
team
...
An important
issue is the empowerment of the project team
...
In order for the project team to be able to
run a successful project, they also need the right technology
conduct the project
...
• Factor 4: Finally, DSDM also states that a supportive relationship
between customer and vendor is required
...
An aid in ensuring a supporting relationship could be
ISPL
...
7 Comparison to other IS Development Methods
Over the years a great number of Information System Development
methods have been developed and applied, divided in Structured
Methods, RAD methods and Object-Oriented Methods
...
For example
eXtreme Programming, [XP] also has an iterative approach to IS
development with extensive user involvement
...
Again, the iterative approach is used
development method
...
First, there is the fact that it provides a
tool and technique independent framework
...
Another unique feature is the fact that the variables in the
development are not time/resources, but the requirements
...
And last there is the strong focus on communication
between and the involvement of all the stakeholders in the system
...
This last paragraph is largely incorrect, most of RUP can be applied
without rational tools and XP does not require any particular tools
...
4
...
DSDM addresses the common reasons for information
systems project failure including exceeding budgets, missing deadlines,
and lack of user involvement and top management commitment
...
0 SUMMARY
• Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) is a framework
based originally around Rapid Application Development (RAD)
supported by its continuous user involvement in an iterative
development and incremental approach which is responsive to
changing requirements, in order to develop a system that meets the
business needs on time and on budget
...
• In order for DSDM to be a success, a number of prerequisites need to
be realized
...
• The DSDM framework consists of three sequential phases, namely,
the pre-project, project life-cycle and post-project phases
...
After the project has
been deemed feasible for the use of DSDM, this stage examines the
influenced business processes, user groups involved and
respective needs and wishes
...
This is realized by maintenance, enhancements and fixes
according, to DSDM principles
...
It enables
the early discovery of shortcomings in the system, and allows future
users to ‘test-drive’ the system
...
• Like XP and RUP, there are many other development methods that
show similarities to DSDM, but DSDM does distinguish itself from
these methods in a number of ways
...
6
...
7
...
A Quality Software Process
Rapid Application Development, Software Quality Journal 7, p
...
for
Beynon-Davies and Williams (2003)
...
29-46
...
Assembly Techniques
Method Engineering, Advanced Information Systems
Engineering, Proceedings of CaiSE'98, Springer Verlag
...
Agile Software
Development Methods: Review and Analysis, VTT Publications
478, p
...
for
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Tuffs, Stapleton, West, Eason (1999)
...
Rietmann (2001)
...
ISDLC, Integrated Systems Development Life Cycle
...
p
...
0 Introduction
2
...
0 Main Content
3
...
2 Policy Requirements
3
...
1 Accountability for Projects
3
...
2 Project Management Principles
3
...
3 Authorities and Resources
3
...
4 Project Scope
3
...
5 Management Framework
3
...
6 Project Risk, Complexity and Economy
3
...
7 Project Profile and Risk Assessment (PPRA)
3
...
8 Project Management Practices
3
...
4 The Traditional Project Management Constraints
3
...
1 Time
3
...
2 Cost
3
...
3 Scope
3
...
6 Project Management Stages
3
...
1 Initiation
3
...
2 Planning and Design
3
...
3 Production or Execution
3
...
4 Closing and Maintenance
4
...
0 Summary
6
...
0 References/Further Readings
1
...
In the United States, the forefather of
management is Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control
project
techniques, who is famously known for his use of the "bar" chart as a
project management tool, for being an associate of Frederick Winslow
Taylor’s theories of scientific management, and for his study of the
work and management of Navy ship building
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
The 1950's mark the beginning of the modern project management era
...
At that time, two mathematical project scheduling models
were developed: (1) the "Program Evaluation and Review Technique” or
PERT, developed as part of the United States Navy’s (in conjunction
with the Lockheed CorporationPolaris missile submarine program; and
(2) the Critical Path Method (CPM) developed in a joint venture by both
DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing
plant maintenance projects
...
In 1969, the Project Management Institute (PMI) was formed to serve
the interest of the project management industry
...
In 1981, the PMI Board
Directors authorized the development of what has become The Guide to
the Project Management Body of Knowledge, containing the standards
and guidelines of practice that are widely used throughout the
profession
...
0 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this unit of the course are for you to:
• have an understanding of what project management is and how it has
developed over the years
• identify the requirements for a successful project management
implementation
• answer the question of the foundational stages of any project cycle
• identify the constraints to a project management initiative
...
0 MAIN CONTENT
3
...
A project is a temporary and one-time endeavor undertaken
to create a unique product or service
...
The management of these
two systems is often very different and requires varying technical skills
of
MBA 815
and philosophy,
management
...
Project
management includes developing a project plan, which includes
defining project goals and objectives, specifying tasks or how goals will
be achieved, what resources are need, and associating budgets
timelines for completion
...
Project
is, to
management usually follows major phases (with various titles for these
phases), including feasibility study, project planning, implementation,
evaluation and support/maintenance
...
The first challenge of project management is ensuring that a project is
delivered within the defined constraints
...
The project, therefore, is a
carefully selected set of activities chosen to use resources, (time, money,
people, materials, energy, space, provisions, communication, quality,
risk, etc
...
Almost any human activity that involves carrying out a non-repetitive
task can be a project
...
But there is a big difference between
carrying out a very simple project involving one or two people and one
involving a complex mix of people, organisations and tasks
...
In
essence a project can be captured on paper with a few simple elements: a
start date, an end date, the tasks that have to be carried out and when
they
should
be
finished,
and
some
idea
of
the
resources
machines
(people, etc) that will be needed during the course of the project
...
You could begin the story of modern project management from this
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
time
...
Nevertheless, the idea that complex plans could be analysed by a
computer to allow someone to control a project is the basis of much of
the development in technology that now allow projects of any size and
complexity not only to be planned but also modelled to answer 'what if?'
questions
...
Now, there are many
project planning and scheduling programs that can provide real time
information, as well as linking to risk analysis, time recording, costing,
estimating and other aspects of project control
...
Project management is all that mix of components of control, leadership,
teamwork, resource management etc, which go into a successful project
...
Their numbers have
grown rapidly as industry and commerce has realised, that much of what
it does is project work
...
So
opportunities in project management now exist not only in being a
project manager, but also as part of the support team in a project or
programme office, or as a team leader for part of a project
...
One reason for the rapid growth is the need to understand how to look
after complex projects, often in high tech areas, which are critical to
business success but also have to use scarce resources efficiently
...
2 Policy Requirements
There are definitely some policy requirements expected
management principles and concepts and some of them include:
3
...
1
of
project
Accountability for projects
Sponsoring departments must establish an accountability framework for
adequate definition and responsible implementation of projects
...
The project leader, for each project assigned to him or her is
accountable through the normal chain of command to the deputy
minister for:
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MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• all external aspects including: the continuing interpretation of
operational needs and wider government objectives, and the
validation of planned project end-product in that context; interfaces
with the senior management of the sponsoring department and
participating departments; and serving as the spokesperson for the
project; and
• all
internal
aspects
including:
general
supervision
of
the
project
management framework to ensure that project managers will meet all
objectives approved for the project; preparing project approval
documents; vetting proposals to amend objectives due to changed
external or internal factors; and acting as the authority for
submission of such changes as well as for progress reporting
the
project approval authorities
...
2
...
Project Management Principles
Departments are expected to establish and approve sound internal
policies,
guidelines and
practices to
be
followed
by
project
project
leaders,managers and other staff responsible for identifying, planning,
approving/budgeting, defining, and implementing projects; and for
participating in projects sponsored by other departments
...
3
...
3
Authorities and Resources
From project inception, sponsoring departments must delegate
authorities and allocate adequate resources appropriate to the scope,
complexity and risk of the project, enabling the project leader to:
• represent the sponsoring department on matters pertaining
project;
• fully define objectives for each phase of the project; and
• be accountable for the achievement of each approved objective
...
2
...
This definition
of scope is to be accomplished with early consultation
departments or central agencies affected by the project
...
Project scope may also be
affected by procurement review or other environmental considerations
...
2
...
For certain projects, the regime may
be relatively simple with an internal, essentially self-contained
management office headed by a project manager responsible for all
details of the project
...
In all cases, the project leader must maintain the integrity of his
or her accountability through written agreements with any previous
project leaders, project managers, and any external agencies that carry
out activities essential to the accomplishment of the project
...
3
...
6
Project Risk, Complexity and Economy
Project leaders must ensure that project managers perform adequate
project planning that addresses the size, scope, complexity, risk,
visibility and administrative needs of specific projects
...
The selected project management framework is to describe risk,
and complexity will be managed and reduced in each phase and
throughout the life of the project
...
2
...
Guidance for the preparation and documentation
of the PPRA is provided in Appendix C
...
with
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3
...
8
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Project Management Practices
Guidance for project management practices and the preparation of risk
assessments, PPRAs, supporting documentation, and progress
evaluation reports is to be
...
3 Responsibilities
Project Leaders
Project Leaders must notify other federal government departments or
agencies who may be affected by a specific project, inviting them to
participate in an active or coordinative role as appropriate
...
It also includes the submission of updated project
information to appropriate authorities for significant changes beyond the
reporting baseline established in the original or amended approvals
...
Project leaders are to ensure that a specific project
managed in accordance with the approved management framework
...
Project Managers
Project Managers are responsible for the day-to-day management of the
project as set out in the charter or agreement with the project leader
...
They then respond to the project leader defining the nature and
extent of proposed participation in the project
...
Participating departments are to select their project officers based upon
an established human resources management profile, project
management experience and abilities, and in consideration of
significance, scope, complexity, risk, and visibility of the project
...
Contracting
Monitoring
The Treasury Board Secretariat will monitor departmental compliance
with this policy through review of the quality of the Project
Management Framework and other relevant sections of project approval
submissions, and by reviewing adherence to the content of Treasury
Board decisions
...
4 The Traditional Project Management Constraints
Most people still want their projects to be on time, meet
objectives, and not cost more than the budget
...
quality
In fact if you have an unlimited budget and unlimited time, project
management becomes rather easy
...
Like any human undertaking, projects need to be
performed and delivered under certain constraints
...
This is also
referred to as the Project Management Triangle where each side
represents a constraint
...
A further refinement of the constraints
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
separates product 'quality' or 'performance' from scope, and turns quality
into a fourth constraint
...
The cost constraint refers to the budgeted amount available for
the project
...
These
three
constraints
are
often
constraints: increased scope typically means increased time and
competing
increased cost, a tight time constraint could mean increased costs and
reduced scope, and a tight budget could mean increased time
reduced scope
...
3
...
1 Time
This often broken down for analytical purposes into the time required to
complete the components of the project, which is then further broken
down into the time required to complete each task contributing to the
completion of each component
...
3
...
2 Cost
Cost to develop a project depends on several variables including
(chiefly): labor rates, material rates, risk management, plant (buildings,
machines,
etc
...
When
hiring
an
consultant
independent for a project, cost will typically be determined by
consultant's or firm’s per diem rate multiplied by an estimated quantity
the
for completion
...
4
...
A major component of scope is
the quality of the final product
...
Some tasks
require
may a given amount of time to complete adequately, but given more
time could be completed exceptionally
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM –
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
3
...
3
...
3
...
1 Initiation
The initiation stage determines the nature and scope of the
development
...
The key
project controls needed here is an understanding of the business
environment, and making sure that all necessary controls are
incorporated into the project
...
The initiation stage should include a cohesive plan that encompasses the
following areas:
• Study analyzing the business needs in measurable goals
...
• Conceptual design of the operation of the final product
...
• Financial analysis of the costs and benefits including a budget
...
• Project charter including costs, tasks, deliverables, and schedule
...
6
...
Occasionally, a small
prototype of the final product is built and tested
...
Controls should be in place s that
ensure that the final product will meet the specifications of the project
charter
...
• Functions as it was intended
...
• Can be produced within time and budget constraints
...
In software systems, this includes conversion (transfer of data from
an old system to a new system), documentation, and training
...
The bulk of the project's work and largest
capital expenditure is realized in this stage
...
Administrative activities include the archiving of the files and
documenting lessons learned
...
and
pay
attention
to
how
effectively
Over the course of any construction project, the work scope changes
...
Beyond
executing the change in the field, the change normally needs to be
documented to show what was actually constructed
...
The
record is made on the contract documents – usually, but not necessarily
limited to, the design drawings
...
” The
requirement for providing them is a norm in construction contracts
...
0 CONCLUSION
Project management actually manages the production of projects with
schedules and tasks associated with the project
...
), research, technical development, information/computer
management, business development, corporate/administrative
management, time management, and others
...
Indeed, a properly
managed project is a prided of an effective project management
...
5
...
• Project management is defined as the discipline of organizing and
managing resources in such a way that these resources deliver all the
work required to complete a project within defined scope, time, and
cost constraints
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• Project leaders are accountable for the establishment of an adequate
project management framework, for detailed project definition and to
complete project implementation
...
For most people, however, time
and money are critical and that is what makes project management so
important today
...
• Regardless of the methodology used, the project development
process will have the same major stages: initiation, development,
production or execution, and closing/maintenance
...
0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1
...
2
...
7
...
Art of
O'Reilly Media
...
Cambridge:
Brooks, Fred (1995)
...
Addison Wesley
...
Project
Series)
...
Man-Month,
Management
...
9, 1997)
...
Project Management: A Systems Approach to
Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, 8th Ed
...
Lewis, James (2002)
...
,
American Management Association
...
and Mantel, Samuel J
...
Project Management:
A Managerial Approach, 5th ed
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Project Management Institute (2003)
...
, Project Management
Institute
...
Applied
Project Management Cambridge, MA: O'Reilly Media
...
and Yourdon, Edward (2000)
...
, Wiley-IEEE Computer Society
Press
...
A Memetic Paradigm of
Management International Journal of Project Management, 23 (8)
575-583
...
(2005)
...
Construction Management Association of America
...
The Fast Forward MBA in Project Management,
2nd, Wiley
...
0 Introduction
2
...
0 Main Content
3
...
2 Providing Structure
3
...
4 The Artistry in Planning
3
...
1 Who Know Best
3
...
2 Dangers in Review
3
...
3
...
4
...
4
...
4
...
4
...
4 Planning For the Future
4
...
0 Summary
6
...
0 References/Further Readings
1
...
MIS projects can be expensive in terms of both time and money
...
Careful planning at the outset,
as well as during the project, can help to avoid costly mistakes
...
There is a temptation, when a new technology becomes available, to
improvise a solution to its use, that is to get started without considering
where the project will lead
...
To avoid disappointing experiences like these, MIS
professionals have developed a well-defined planning methodology
often referred to as project planning lifecycle
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
The original impetus for developing effective lifecycle planning was
cost containment
...
It is generally recognized that, for the foreseeable future, most
information technologies projects will have to be justified on the basis
of a "do more, pay more" philosophy
...
In the past, projected
existing costs could be used as a baseline against which improvements
could be measured
...
There is far too great
a danger that, in the absence of such checks and balances, a project may
grow out of control
...
0 OBJECTIVES
This unit is designed for the students to:
• be able to explain what is project planning
• understand why it is necessary to write a project specification
• identify the components of a project planning based on structure put
in place
• be able to know how to establish control in project execution
• understand the intricacies and skills of project planning
...
0 MAIN CONTENT
3
...
Normally, the specification contains errors,
ambiguities, misunderstandings and enough rope to hang you and your
entire team
...
The outcome of this deliberation should be
a written definition of what is required, by when; and this must be
agreed by all involved
...
The agreement upon a written specification has several benefits:
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• the clarity will reveal misunderstandings
• the completeness will remove contradictory assumptions
• the rigour of the analysis will expose technical and practical details
which numbties normally gloss over through ignorance or fear
• the agreement forces all concerned to actually read and think about
the details
The work on the specification can be seen at the first stage of Quality
Assurance since you are looking for and countering problems in the very
foundation of the project - from this perspective the creation
specification clearly merits a large investment of time
...
Once the project
underway, changes cost time (and money)
...
Further, people tend to
forget what they originally thought; you may need proof that you have
been working as instructed
...
Some
of the work given to you may actually be undone or duplicated by
others
...
• the interfaces: between your team and both its customers and
suppliers, there are interfaces
...
Exactly what, how and when should be discussed and
agreed from the very beginning
...
All it takes for
habitual
understandings
to
evaporate
is
the
arrival
of
one
your
member, in either of the teams
...
• time-scales: numbties always underestimate the time involved for
work
...
You
must add realistic dates
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• external dependencies: your work may depend upon that of others
...
Highlight the effect that problems with these would have
upon your project so that everyone is quite clear about
importance
...
their
• resources: the numbty tends to ignore resources
...
The agreement should include a commitment
by your managers to allocate or to fund them
...
If they are omitted,
add them - there is bound to be differences in their assumed values
...
It
should not be
...
Of course, the specification may change
...
You
should not regard it as cast in stone but rather as a display board where
everyone involved can see the current, common understanding of the
project
...
3
...
As
a manager, you have to provide some form of framework both to plan
and to communicate what needs doing
...
If the team has no
individual tasks fit together towards an understood goal, then the work
how
will seem pointless and they will feel only frustration
...
Fortunately, these two requirements are met at the same time since the
derivation of such a structure is the simplest method of arriving at a list
of tasks
...
If any of these are still too complex for you to easily
organise,
you
break
them
down
also
into
another
level
of
descriptions, and so on until you can manage everything
...
The reasoning behind this is that the human brain (even yours) can only
take in and process so much information at one time
...
Thus each level of
the project can be understood
as
the amalgamation of a
described
simply smaller units
...
People
call this producing a work breakdown structure to make it sound more
formal and impressive
...
One common fault is to produce too much detail at the initial planning
stage
...
You need the former to allocate (or delegate) the task; you
time/effort
need the latter to finish the planning
...
You now have to allocate the tasks
to different people in the team and, at the same time, order these tasks so
that they are performed in a sensible sequence
...
As a manager you have to look far beyond the
single project; indeed any individual project can be seen as merely a
single step in your team's development
...
In simple terms, consider what each member of your team is capable of
and allocate sufficient complexity of tasks to match that (and to slightly
stretch)
...
For example, if Arthur is to learn something new, the task may
be simplified with responsibility given to another to guide and check the
work; if Brenda is to develop, sufficient tasks are combined so that her
responsibility increases beyond what she has held before; if Colin lacks
confidence, the tasks are broken into smaller units which
completed (and commended) frequently
...
For instance,
some tasks which are seemingly independent may benefit from being
done together since they use common ideas, information, and talents
...
The ordering of the tasks is really quite simple, although you may find
that sketching a sequence diagram helps you to think it through (and to
communicate the result)
...
Getting the details exactly right, however, can be a
long and painful process, and often it can be futile
...
You must have the broad outlines by which to monitor
progress, and sufficient detail to assign each task when it needs to be
started, but beyond that - stop and do something useful instead
...
You must establish this not
only to assist higher management with their planning, but also to protect
your team from being expected to do the impossible
...
Guesstimating schedules is notoriously difficult but it is helped by two
approaches:
• make your guesstimates of the simple tasks at the bottom of the work
break down structure and look for the longest path
sequence diagram
• use the experience
guesstimating skills
from
previous
projects
to
improve
through
the
your
The corollary to this is that you should keep records
accessible form of all projects as you do them
...
Managing this planning phase is vital to your success as a
manager
...
Indeed if you have actually
seen one (and only one) of these buildings, think about the other
...
One idea is to start with the
number of steps - guess that if you can
...
Next, consider the sort of pace you
maintain while climbing a flight of steps for a long time
...
To complete, apply a little mathematics
...
If you won a
free flight to Paris or New York and tried it, you would probably (need
your head examined) be mildly surprised if you climbed to the top in
less than half the estimated time and if it took you more than double you
would be mildly annoyed
...
In fact, you
do not currently believe that that would happen (no really, do you?)
...
develop
...
First, you are simply
too optimistic
...
In
practice, you should also build-in a little slack to allow yourself some
tolerance against mistakes
...
Also,
if you eventually deliver ahead of the agreed schedule,
loved
...
Resist the
temptation to rely upon speed as the only selling point
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
3
...
Once it is in motion, a project acquires a direction and momentum
which is totally independent of anything you predicted
...
To gain some hope, however, you need to establish at the
start (within the plan) the means to monitor and to influence the project's
progress
...
The milestones maintain
the momentum and encourage effort; they allow the team to judge their
own progress and to celebrate achievement throughout the project rather
than just at its end
...
When you have guesstimated how long each sub-task will take and have
strung them together, you can identify by when each of these tasks will
actually be completed
...
A second method is to construct more significant milestones
...
Sometimes these are
simply the higher levels of your structure; for instance, the completion
of a market-evaluation phase
...
If you are running parallel activities, this type of milestone is
particularly useful since it provides a means of pulling together the
people on disparate activities, and so:
• they all have a shared goal (the common milestone)
• their responsibility
emphasised
to
(and
dependence
upon)
each
other
is
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• each can provide a new (but informed) viewpoint on the others' work
• the problems to do with combining the different activities are
highlighted and discussed early in the implementation phase
• you have something tangible which senior management (and
numbties) can recognise as progress
• you have something tangible which your team can celebrate and
which constitutes a short-term goal in a possibly long-term project
• it provides an excellent opportunity for quality checking and for
review
Of course, there are milestones and there are mill-stones
...
If this arises then either
you have chosen the wrong milestone, or you have failed
communicate how it fits into the broader structure
...
To
monitor
progress,
to
early
receivewarning of danger, to promote cooperation, to motivate through
team involvement, all of these rely upon communication
...
Often these reports merely say "progressing according to
schedule"
...
However, the real value of this
practice comes when progress is not according to schedule - then your
communication system is worth all the effort you invested in
planning
...
4 The Artistry in Planning
At the planning stage, you can deal with far more than the mere project
at hand
...
3
...
1 Who Knows Best?
Ask your team
...
Not only
will they provide information and ideas, but also they will feel
ownership in the final plan
...
As an initial approach, you could attempt
the first level(s) of the work breakdown structure to help you
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
communicate the project to the team and then ask for comments
...
However, since the specification is so vital, all
the team should vet the penultimate draft
...
4
...
You must decide the
balance
...
Decide objectively, and explain beforehand, when the review phases
will occur and make this a scheduled milestone in itself
...
Firstly, you do not want to abandon it since the team will be
demotivated feeling that they have achieved nothing
...
Always try to build upon the existing achievements of your
team
...
4
...
As a wise manager, you will know that this should be part
individual phase of the project
...
of
When devising the schedule therefore you must include allocated time
for this part of each activity
...
By asking both
questions together you raise the issue of "how do we know we have
done it right" at the very beginning and so the testing is more likely to
be done in parallel with the implementation
...
each
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
3
...
4 Fitness for Purpose
Another reason for stating the testing criteria at the beginning is that you
can avoid futile quests for perfection
...
Often this means polishing their work until it is shines; often
this wastes time
...
You need to
avoid generalities and to stipulate boundaries; not easy, but essential
...
While it might be nice to have use of the most modern versions,
or to develop an exact match to your needs; often there is an old/existing
version which will serve almost as well (sufficient for the purpose), and
the difference
is not worth
the
time you would need
obtaining or
invest in developing the new one
...
to
the
A related idea is that you should discourage too much effort on aspects
of the project which are idiosyncratic to that one job
...
The reason for this advice is that a general piece of work can be
tailored
to
many specific instances; thus, if the work is in a
form, you will be able to rapidly re-use it for other projects
...
At the planning phase, a manager should bare in
mind the future and the long-term development of the team as well as
the requirements of the current project
...
4
...
Once you have arrived at what you
consider to
be
a realistic schedule, fight
for it
...
If they impose a
outside
deadline upon you which is impossible, clearly state this and give your
reasons
...
Since you want to help the
company, you should look for alternative positions
...
This
might, in some cases, be sufficient for the customer to start the next
stage of his/her own project on the understanding that your project
would be completed at a later date and the final version would then
replace the prototype
...
This might, in some cases, be sufficient for the customer's
immediate needs
...
You can show on an alternative schedule that the project could
delivered by the deadline if certain (specified) resources are given to you
or if other projects are rescheduled
...
be
3
...
6 Planning for Error
The most common error in planning is to assume that there will be no
errors in the implementation: in effect, the schedule is derived on the
basis of "if nothing goes wrong, this will take
...
Thus when the inevitable does
happen, you can react and adapt the plan to compensate
...
Quite simply, your planning
should include time where you stand back from the design and ask:
"what can go wrong?"; indeed, this is an excellent way of asking your
team for their analysis of your plan
...
By examining the
activities' list you can usually pinpoint some activities which are risky
(for instance, those involving new equipment) and those which are quite
secure (for instance, those your team has done often before)
...
Another possibility is to apply a different
strategy, or more resources, to such activities to minimise the disruption
...
3
...
7 Post-Mortem
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
At the end of any project, you should allocate time to reviewing the
lessons and information on both the work itself and the management of
that work: an open meeting, with open discussion, with the whole team
and all customers and suppliers
...
3
...
In fact projects do
get done, but seldom in the predicted manner and often as much by brute
force as by carefree delivery, staff are demotivated by constant pressure
for impossible goals, corners get cut which harm your reputation, and
each project has to overcome the same problems as the last
...
Everyone involved understands what is
wanted and emerging problems are seen (and dealt with) long before
they cause damage
...
4
...
This
goes a long way to portray the significance of planning of any project
...
Planning project is a skill that needs to be learned,
its
unfortunately most people do not want to learn this all-important act
...
5
...
• Planning involves setting goals, defining targets,
schedules, and estimating budgets for an entire project
...
• Having decided what the specification intends, your next problem is
to decide what you and your team actually need to do, and how to do
it
...
• When the planning phase is over (and agreed), the "doing" phase
begins
...
and
• At the planning stage, you can deal with far more than the mere
project at hand
...
• Even though the situation may have changed since the last review, it
is important to recognize the work which has been accomplished
during the interim
...
work
load
• The most common error in planning is to assume that there will be
no errors in the implementation: in effect, the schedule is derived on
the basis of "if nothing goes wrong, this will take
...
0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
Explain the
planning
term Guesstimation and
discuss its application in project
7
...
Introduction to Computers
...
Wendy Robson (1997)
...
and
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
UNIT 4 RISK ASSESSMENTS AND MANAGEMENT
CONTENTS
1
...
0 Objectives
3
...
1 Definition
3
...
2
...
2
...
1 Objective-Based Risk Identification
3
...
1
...
2
...
3 Taxonomy-Based Risk Identification
3
...
1
...
2
...
2
...
2
...
1 Risk Avoidance
3
...
3
...
2
...
3 Risk Retention
3
...
3
...
2
...
2
...
2
...
3 Risk Assessment and Cost Estimates
3
...
1 Project Risk Assessment
3
...
2 Levels of Risk
3
...
3 Assessment of Risk
3
...
4 Assessment of High Risk
3
...
5 Assessment of Medium Risk
3
...
6 Assessment of Low Risk
3
...
7 Management of Project Risk
3
...
5 Areas of Risk Management
3
...
0 Conclusion
5
...
0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7
...
0 INTRODUCTION
Risk management is basically a process of assessing risk
development of strategies to curb such identified risk in management
...
Its limitations are also treated
...
0 OBJECTIVES
This unit of the course was designed for you to:
• understand risk assessment and management
management information system as a project
in
context
of
• learn the processes to assessing and managing information system
projects risks
• answer the question of how to assess project risk
• identify the levels of risk
• understand
the
limitations
that
follows
the
identification in information system management
• identify the activities that constitutes risk
management
...
0 MAIN CONTENT
3
...
In general, the
strategies employed include transferring the risk to another party,
avoiding the risk, reducing the negative affect of the risk, and accepting
some or all of the consequences of a particular risk
...
g
...
Financial risk management, on the other hand, focuses on
risks that can be managed using traded financial instruments
...
In ideal risk management, a prioritization process is followed whereby
the risks with the greatest loss and the greatest probability of occurring
are handled first, and risks with lower probability of occurrence
lower loss are handled later
...
a risk with high loss but lower probability of occurrence
can often be mishandled
...
This is the idea of opportunity cost
...
Again,
ideal risk management spends the least amount of resources in
process while reducing the negative effects of risks as much as possible
...
2 Risk Management Process
the
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
3
...
1 Identification
A first step in the process of managing risk is to identify potential risks
...
Hence,
risk identification can start with the source of problems, or
problem itself
...
Examples
sources are: stakeholders of a project, employees of a company or
risk
the weather over an airport
...
For example: the fear of
losing money, the fear of abuse of privacy information or the fear of
accidents and casualties
...
When either source or problem is known, the events that a source may
trigger or the events that can lead to a problem can be investigated
...
The chosen method of identifying risks may depend on culture, industry
practice and compliance
...
Common risk identification methods are:
3
...
1
...
Any event that may
endanger achieving an objective partly or completely is identified as
risk
...
2
...
2
Scenario-Based Risk Identification
In scenario analysis different scenarios are created
...
Any event that
triggers an undesired scenario alternative is identified as risk
...
2
...
3
Taxonomy-Based Risk Identification
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
The taxonomy in taxonomy-based risk identification is a breakdown of
possible risk sources
...
The answers to the questions
reveal risks
...
2
...
4
Common-Risk Checking
In several industries lists with known risks are available
...
An example
of known risks in the software industry is the Common Vulnerability
and Exposures list found at http://cve
...
org
...
2
...
These
quantities can be either simple to measure, in the case of the value of a
lost building, or impossible to know for sure in the case
probability of an unlikely event occurring
...
of
3
...
3 Potential Risk Treatments
Once risks have been identified and assessed, all techniques to manage
the risk fall into one or more of these four major categories: (Dorfman,
1997)
• Transfer
• Avoidance
• Reduction (aka Mitigation)
• Acceptance (aka Retention)
Ideal use of these strategies may not be possible
...
3
...
3
...
Another would be not flying in order
to not take the risk that the airplane was to be hijacked
...
risk
...
the
3
...
3
...
Examples
include sprinklers designed to put out a fire to reduce the risk of loss by
fire
...
Halon fire suppression systems
and
mitigate that risk, but the cost may be prohibitive as a strategy
...
Early methodologies
from the fact that they only delivered software in the
development; any problems encountered in earlier phases meant costly
of
rework and often jeopardized the whole project
...
A current trend in software development, spearheaded by the
Extreme Programming community, is to reduce the size of increments to
the smallest size possible, sometimes as little as one week is allocated to
an increment
...
2
...
3
suffered
final phase
developing
a single
Risk Retention
This involves accepting the loss when it occurs
...
Risk retention is a viable strategy for small risks where
the cost of insuring against the risk would be greater over time than the
total losses sustained
...
This includes risks that are so large or catastrophic
that they either cannot be insured against or the premiums would be
infeasible
...
Also any amounts of potential loss (risk) over the
insured
amount are retained risk
...
3
...
3
...
Other times it may involve contract language that transfers a
risk to another party without the payment of an insurance premium
...
On the other hand, taking offsetting positions in
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
derivatives is typically how firms
management: financially managed risk
...
Risk retention
pools are technically retaining the risk for the group, but spreading it
over the whole group involves transfer among individual members of
the group
...
3
...
4 Create the Plan
Decide on the combination of methods to be used for each risk
3
...
5 Implementation
Follow all of the planned methods for mitigating the effect of the risks
...
3
...
6 Review and Evaluation of the Plan
Initial risk management plans will never be perfect
...
and
3
...
Commercial risk assessment software packages are
available to assist the project leader in determining internal project risk
...
3
...
These factors include such elements
as externally imposed deadlines, cooperative development obligations or
statutory requirements
...
These factors include such elements as the allocation
adequate resources and the reliability of cost estimates
...
Internal risk factors may be more tangible,
and their impacts on cost estimated with a greater degree of confidence
...
However, these external risks must be identified and
sufficiently detailed in project management and project approval
documents to apprise approval authorities of their existence and
potential impacts on the success of the project
...
3
...
As project definition progresses, the risk assessment
should be periodically updated to reflect the additional information
available
...
3
...
These factors are only indicators of the possibility
of risk
...
Examples of arrangements addressed by the last two factors include
sharing of financial responsibilities in federal/provincial or government/
private sector joint projects
...
Where there are third-party
financial backers, the assessment of these risk factors must examine the
stability of these companies in view of the security they have offered the
Crown
...
3
...
Project management should prepare approaches to reduce this risk
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
through strategies such as phased development, funded system design by
private industry, prototyping, pilot systems and user trials
...
3
...
5 Assessment of Medium Risk
A project (or element of a project) may be assessed as medium risk if
some of the above hazards exist but have been mitigated to the point that
allocated resources and focused risk management planning should
prevent significant negative effect on the attainment of project
objectives
...
3
...
3
...
7 Management of Project Risk
Project leaders should ensure that project management:
• initiates, during the project planning phase, a continuing process for
assessing project risk;
• includes, during the project definition
formal steps to reduce project risk;
phase
(when
applicable),
• prepares outline plans for dealing with actual project contingencies;
• prepares a Project Profile and Risk
Guideline and keeps it up-to-date;
Assessment
• specifies these measures in the project
sections of project approval documentation;
as defined in this
management
• prepares revised project approval documentation when the
risk assessment changes significantly; and
framework
project
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• prepares an outline of a communications plan for high risk activities
that may attract media or public attention, including the appointment
of a spokesperson
...
4 Limitations
If risks are improperly assessed and prioritized, time can be wasted in
dealing with risk of losses that are not likely to occur
...
Unlikely events do occur, but if the
risk is unlikely enough to occur, it may be better to simply retain the
risk, and deal with the result if the loss does in fact occur
...
This is especially true if other work is suspended until
the risk management process is considered complete
...
5 Areas of Risk Management
As applied to corporate finance, risk management is a technique for
measuring, monitoring and controlling the financial or operational risk
on a firm's balance sheet
...
Enterprise Risk Management
In Enterprise Risk Management, a risk is defined as a possible event or
circumstance that can have negative influences on the Enterprise in
question
...
((Author's Note Amazingly whenever Risk is considered
this is often the last Risk to be formally evaluated with such things as
Project Risk receiving much higher attention
...
Its
influence can be on the schedule, the resources, the scope and/or the
quality
...
A liability is a negative event or circumstance that is hindering
the project
...
(the
following
• Choosing unique identifiers for referring to the same risk in company
or project documents (identification)
...
• Assessing the consequences of that (effect)
...
• Drawing
up
contingency
plans
or
procedures
for
handling
it
(contingency)
...
Risk in
a project or process can
be due either
to special
deviation
causes of or common causes of deviation and requires appropriate
treatment
...
3
...
Plan should include risk management tasks, responsibilities,
activities and budget
...
Typical
characteristic of risk officer is a healthy skepticism
...
Each risk should have the
following attributes: opening date, title, short description, probability
and importance
...
be
• Creating anonymous risk reporting channel
...
member
• Preparing mitigation plans for risks that are chosen to be mitigated
...
• Summarizing planned and faced risks, effectiveness of
activities and effort spend for the risk management
...
0 CONCLUSION
Adequate risk assessment and management is important for all projects
regardless of dollar value
...
This is particularly important during
initial assessment, which necessarily would be based upon early project
planning data
...
0 SUMMARY
• Generally, Risk
Management is
the
process
of measuring,
or
assessing risk and then developing strategies to manage the risk
...
• A first step in the process of managing risk is to identify potential
risks
...
to
cause
• Once risks have been identified, they must then be assessed as to
their potential severity of loss and to the probability of occurrence
...
• External
risk
factors
are
circumstances
over
which
project
management cannot exert a controlling influence
...
As project definition progresses, the
assessment should be periodically updated to reflect the additional
risk
information available
...
• If risks are improperly assessed and prioritized, time can be wasted
in dealing with risk of losses that are not likely to occur
...
• In project management parlance, when a risk escalates, it becomes a
liability
...
is
is
a
negative
event
or
circumstance
that
• In project management, risk management includes planning how risk
management will be held in the particular project
...
is
finally study unit
for this course
6
...
Discuss how to initiate and execute a information
assessment
2
...
0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS
Alijoyo, Antonius (2004)
...
), PT Ray Indonesia, Jakarta
...
(1997)
...
), Prentice Hall
...
(2003)
...
&
Derivatives
(1st
ed
...
0 Introduction
2
...
0 Main Content
3
...
2 GIS Lifecycle and the Value of a Problem-Solving
Approach
3
...
3
...
3
...
3
...
4 System Selection as a Compromise
3
...
6 Applying the Insights of Project Lifecycle to Research
Projects
3
...
7
...
7
...
7
...
7
...
7
...
7
...
7
...
7
...
0 Conclusion
5
...
0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7
...
0 INTRODUCTION
This final unit of the course material dwells extensively on design and
planning for Geographic Information systems (GIS)
...
0 OBJECTIVES
The objective of this unit is for you to:
• specifically understand the process of developing
information system
• compare the lifecycle of GIS to other project models
• understand he key aspects and issues in GIS project planning
• identify and understand compromises in system selection
...
0 MAIN CONTENT
3
...
Municipal
GIS and facilities management projects developed by utilities may take
a decade or more to bring on-line at a cost of tens or hundreds
millions of dollars
...
It also provides assurance that
a GIS will accomplish its goals on schedule and within budget
...
The greatest danger is that
decisions made in haste or on the spur of the moment will have to be
reversed later or will prove too costly to implement, meaning a GIS
project may have to be abandoned
...
Lifecycle planning
involves setting goals, defining targets, establishing schedules, and
estimating budgets for an entire GIS project
...
For many decades, the rationale for implementing
new information technologies was that, in the long run, such projects
would reduce the cost of business operations
...
This means that effective
lifecycle planning is all the more important
...
If the cost curve for new information technologies is
always above the baseline, then greater care must be exerted in setting
goals, establishing targets, and estimating budgets
...
2 GIS Lifecycle
Approach
and
the
Value
of
Lifecycle
planning
is
really
a
process
applied
solving to all aspects of a GIS development project
...
This process should not be abridged; each step is
important to the overall process
...
3 Key Aspects of GIS Project LifeCycle
Three aspects of this planning process merit special attention
...
3
...
If the
necessary funds or time are unavailable, it is better to stop the process
than to continue and see the project fail
...
a
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
3
...
2 The Functional Requirements Study
The functional requirements study is arguably the most important single
step in the planning process
...
For a large organization, this
amounts to a "map" of how information flows into, around, and out of
each office and agency
...
Furthermore, the FRS
can look into the future to anticipate types of data processing tasks that
expand upon or enhance the organization's work
...
The
FRS
also
allows
an
organization
to
information flows across all the domains of its work, forcing
consider
consider how different systems will be integrated
...
It is important to take this broad view
of information flows to avoid stranding projects between incompatible
systems
...
3
...
This is a very
risky path, for it leaves out the prototyping stage
...
Making adjustments at the
prototype stage is far easier than later, after full implementation
...
Finally, a successful
prototype can help enlist support and funding for the remaining steps in
the lifecycle planning process
...
These
tests are essential for specifying the accuracy, precision, and overall
quality of the data that will be created during the conversion process
...
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
3
...
For a given price, a system cannot be
expected to do everything
...
given Figure 1, helps to show how users might attempt to balance four
of the many characteristics of a given system
...
Functional richness: The analytical capabilities of the system and its
flexibility in addressing a wide range of spatial and statistical problems
...
Training: The amount of time required to bring users up
to speed on a system and to use the database on a regular basis
...
Some applications, such as emergency vehicle dispatch (911
systems), require high performance speed
...
At the same time, an emergency
dispatch system will only be used to serve this single function
and the database will contain only a street grid, address ranges,
and links to telephone numbers
...
Some applications, such as those undertaken by water, gas, and
power utilities, involve storing vast quantities of information
about huge service territories
...
Detailed information must
be maintained about all facilities within these territories
...
At the same time, speed of response may be
less of a concern since a given piece of information may only
have to be accessed once a month or even once a
Furthermore, functional richness may be useful, but many tasks
year
...
C
...
Planning and management tasks may
many and varied, meaning that users must have access to a wide
range of spatial and statistical functions
...
be
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Figure 4: Criteria for system Selection
D
...
This is a
consideration for GIS that are used as part of management or executive
critical
information systems
...
It is important in these situations to consider the
(or
time it takes to bring new users up to speed with a new system
...
Compromises may have to be achieved with other
system features
...
The best GIS is always the one that gets a job done at the right price and
on schedule
...
5 Planning Schedules and the Scope of Prototype and Pilot
Projects
There is nothing wrong with being cautious during the process of project
planning
...
Large AM/FM projects typically take many
years to reach the prototype or pilot stages
...
Some municipal GIS projects
have been underway for over a decade and still have far to go before
complete implementation and compilation of a full dataset
...
Remember, prototypes and pilots are intended to
demonstrate functions and interfaces
...
It’s a
real size of little consequence in most applications
...
6 Applying the Insights of Project Lifecycle to Research
Projects
The concepts of lifecycle planning can be applied to projects of lesser
scale and scope, particularly to those pursued in undergraduate and
graduate research
...
Some steps such as benchmarking
and system selection may be irrelevant in a setting where the researcher
must make do with whatever equipment and software is on hand
...
It is
a
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
this process of careful planning that should be emulated regardless of
the scope or scale of a project
...
Think Ahead to How the GIS will be Used, But Keep in Mind
Available Sources
Designing an effective GIS involves setting clear goals
...
Even for small GIS projects, it
without
is wise to engage in a modest functional requirements study
...
Without
clear-cut goals, there is too great a danger that a project will omit key
features or include
some that are irrelevant to the final use
...
Exert Special Care in Designing and Creating the Database
Again, it is easy to rush ahead with the creation of a database, and then
find later that it has to be reorganized or altered extensively
...
This means that the
researcher should chart out exactly how the database is to be organized
and to what levels of accuracy and precision
...
3
...
This
allows the researcher move through all of the steps of creating and using
the system to see that all procedures and algorithms work as expected
...
In either case, testing a prototype is one step that
should not be overlooked
...
7 Planning and Database Issues
The project planning cycle outlines a process, but the issues that must be
addressed at each stage of this process will vary considerably
organization to organization
...
Among the issues that must be
addressed in large GIS projects are:
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
3
...
1 Security
The security of data is always a concern in large GIS projects
...
Security also means that data is protected from system crashes,
major catastrophes, and inappropriate uses
...
GIS data maintained by government agencies often presents difficult
challenges for security
...
If both types are maintained within a single system, managing
appropriate access can be difficult
...
3
...
2 Documentation
Most major GIS datasets will outlive the people who create them
...
Documentation must begin at the very start of GIS project and
continue through its life
...
3
...
3 Data Integrity and Accuracy
When mistakes are discovered in a GIS database, there must be a welldefined procedure for their correction (and for documenting these
corrections)
...
Maintaining the integrity of the different
layers of data in a comprehensive GIS database can be a challenging
task
...
Responsibility for changing and correcting data in the
different layers must be clearly demarcated among different agencies
and offices
...
7
...
One portion of the dataset may be in demand simultaneously by
several users as well as by staff charged with updating and adding new
information
...
Uncontrolled usage may be confusing to all users, but the greatest
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
danger is that users may actually find themselves interfering with the
project workflow or even undoing one another's work
...
7
...
" Cities and utility territories
keep growing and changing and the database must be constantly updated
to reflect these changes
...
Procedures must be developed to record, check,
and enter these changes in the GIS database
...
3
...
6 Minimization of Redundancy
In large GIS projects, every byte counts
...
Not only will
wasted storage space waste money, it will also slow performance
...
3
...
7 Data Independence and Upgrade Paths
A GIS database will almost always outlive the hardware and software
that is used to create it
...
If a GIS
database is totally dependent on a single hardware platform or a single
software system, it too will have to be upgraded just as often
...
Through careful planning and design, data can
be transferred as ASCII files or in some metadata or exchange format
from system to system
...
In this way, GIS designers should think ahead to possible upgrade paths
for their database
...
3
...
8 Privacy
Safeguards on personal privacy have become a great concern over the
past decade, particularly with the rise of the internet and web
...
The first is the hacking into,
accidentally release, or inappropriate disclosure of privileged
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
information which can compromise an individual's privacy with respect
to medical conditions, financial situation, sexual, political,
beliefs & values and other privileged personal information
...
religious
4
...
And irrespective of the extent
complexity of GIS project, by sticking closely with the life cycle such
and
project will be successfully implemented
...
5
...
• The original impetus for developing effective lifecycle planning was
cost containment
...
• Designing an effective GIS involves setting clear goals
...
• By assessing information flows so carefully, the FRS allows an
organization to set goals for all of the subsequent steps in
lifecycle planning process
...
combination, users are
often
• There is nothing wrong with being cautious during the process of
project planning; rushing through the
organization to potentially costly mistakes
...
an
projects
of
MBA 815
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• The project planning cycle outlines a process, but the
must be addressed at each stage of this process
considerably from organization to organization
...
If a database is maintained for
30-50 years, every blank field and every duplicated byte of information
will incur storage costs for the full length of the project
...
0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1
...
2
...
7
...
(1989)
...
WDL Publications: Ottawa
...
(2003)
...
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
...
Meyers
...
"Prototyping AM/FM/GIS Applications: Quality/Schedule
Tradeoffs", Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual ESRI User
Conference
...
Vol
...
75-80
...
Identifying GIS for What It's Worth
...
Looking and Thinking Beyond the Department
...
Foote and Shannon L
...
Project Planning and
Life Cycle
...
P
...
W
...
(2002)
...
Upper Saddle River,
Prentice Hall
...
(1995)
...
Oxford University Press: New York
...
, Michael F
...
Maguire, and David
W
...
(2005)
...
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
...
and Jeffrey K
...
(1994)
...
New York: Guilford Press
Title: management information system
Description: Deals with system development life cycle..decision systems information technology and all about IT.
Description: Deals with system development life cycle..decision systems information technology and all about IT.